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What really happened in Bosnia?
Were the Serbs the criminal aggressors, as the official story claims, or were they the victims?

Historical and Investigative Research, revised 19 Aug 2005
by Francisco Gil-White

http://www.hirhome.com/yugo/ihralija3.htm

1  |  2  |  3
________________________________________________________
. . .continued from part 2

3. Who started the war in Bosnia? And who committed genocide?

Was it the Bosnian Serbs, as NATO and the mass media alleged, or the Bosnian Muslim followers of Alija Izetbegovic?
________________________________________________________

Table of Contents
( hyperlinked )

Introduction

What was Alija Izetbegovic's plan for Bosnia?

Alija Izetbegovic's 1992 referendum on Bosnian independence, and what it means

The press says the separatists are. . .
. . .the Bosnian Serbs!

The Serbs were just defending themselves

Were the Serbs incited to commit war crimes?

The Serbs are the last population in the world that should have been suspected of genocidal behavior

How were the accusations of war crimes against the Serbs manufactured?

The public relations campaign against the Serbs by Ruder Finn, which recruited the leaders of prominent Jewish organizations -- a betrayal of the Jewish people whom these leaders claim to represent

________________________________________________________

Introduction

The first piece in this series leaves no doubt that Alija Izetbegovic considered it ideal for Bosnia to become an Islamist totalitarian state. The evidence comes from his own book, “Islamic Declaration,” where he shows himself to be the most extreme fascist, and where he expresses his contempt for democracy.

Izetbegovic re-released his book in 1990, using it as a political platform in the Bosnian elections of the same year. These elections he lost to Fikret Abdic, a moderate Bosnian Muslim with a majority following among the Bosnian Muslims who eventually allied militarily with the Bosnian Serbs. True to his writing, Izetbegovic muscled Abdic to the side and seized the Bosnian presidency from him.[2]

Then, as was already shown in the second piece in this series, Izetbegovic recreated fascist symbols and terrorist forces from World War II, all of which was described as “multicultural tolerance” by the mass media in the Western countries that supported Izetbegovic. Following that, Izetbegovic deliberately set Bosnia on the path to civil war.

Here we will document how Izetbegovic did that, and how the blame was put, with spectacular hoaxes, on the Bosnian Serbs.


What was Alija Izetbegovic's plan for Bosnia?
_______________________________________

Just as nobody had a right to be surprised by what Adolf Hitler did once he took power, given that he had given a complete outline of it in “Mein Kampf,” neither did anybody who had read Alija Izetbegovic's “Islamic Declaration” have any right to be surprised by what this Bosnian Muslim leader did. In his book he explained:

“...the Islamic Order, which is to say the union of religion and politics...has...consequences of a primordial practical importance, of which the first is the impossibility of confusing the Islamic Order with the non-Islamic systems. It is not in fact possible for there to be any peace or coexistence between ‘the Islamic Religion’ and non-Islamic social and political institutions…”[3]

The all-important “union of religion and politics” - what he calls the “Islamic Order” - carries a supremely important practical consequence: that Muslims and non-Muslims cannot have “any peace or coexistence.” This sounds as if Izetbegovic was calling for Muslims to make war against so-called infidels. And indeed, as we saw in the first piece of this series, under the heading “The Relations Of The Islamic Society With Other Societies,” Izetbegovic provides, without comment of adornment, quotations from the Qur’an calling for the indiscriminate slaughter of infidels, for no better reason than that they are infidels.[4]

That is chilling all by itself, but more so when considering the local context.

You see, elsewhere in his book, Izetbegovic says that “One cannot establish the Islamic Order except in a country where Muslims are the majority of the population.”[5] The supposed 'country' that Izetbegovic had in mind was Bosnia. So it is important therefore that Muslims, at under 50%, were not a majority in Bosnia but a plurality, as the Christian Science Monitor explained in 1992.

“Serbs represent approximately 31 percent of the population, Bosnian Muslims 45 percent, and Croats 16 percent.”[6]

And that's what produces the special chill. In Izetbegovic's ideology, establishing the “Islamic Order” required that, once he had turned Bosnia into a country (secession), he should reduce non-Muslims so that Muslims could become a majority. From his writings, loudly republished during the 1990 Bosnian elections to serve as a political platform, it is more than obvious that his intended method of reduction was genocide.

I emphasize, however, that Izetbegovic's ideology did not require Muslims to be a majority when it comes to the mere question of taking power by force. For that Muslims should be just numerous enough to win:

“... the Islamic movement may, or rather should, begin by seizing power as soon as it possesses a good measure of moral and numerical strength, allowing it not only to overthrow the non-Islamic power, but also to establish the new Islamic power.”[7]

If we put this all together this implies a clear sequence of events:

1)  An undemocratic coup d’Etat so that radical Islamists can impose themselves as the government in Bosnia.

2)  Bosnian secession from Yugoslavia, so that Bosnia can become an actual country.

3)  A campaign of ethnic cleansing to rid Bosnia of non-Muslims, so that Muslims can be the majority, thence to establish the ‘Islamic Order.’

Funny thing is, that is precisely what happened in Bosnia.

Izetbegovic did the first when he illegally seized the Bosnian presidency from Fikret Abdic, and later again when he didn't step down as the Bosnian constitution required. And he did the second when he immediately took steps towards secession from Yugoslavia. Finally, he also carried out the third, with the help of thousands of imported mujahedin terrorists from Kosovo, Albania, Afghanistan, Pakistan, North Africa, and other places.

That will not sound like what you heard in the Western mainstream media, because what was repeated there a million times was that the Bosnian Serbs were supposedly the ones interested in ethnic cleansing, and that Alija Izetbegovic was defending a multiethnic Bosnia.

A strange story, because the one whose ideology called for ethnically cleansing Bosnia was Alija Izetbegovic.[8]

Not coincidentally, as I document below, it was Izetbegovic who plunged Bosnia into a civil war in which he would commit genocide. I will also document that the accusations of genocide made in the mainstream media against the Bosnian Serbs were lies.


Alija Izetbegovic's 1992 referendum on Bosnian independence, and what it means
______________________________

The Bosnian Serbs were naturally not excited about living in a Muslim fundamentalist and totalitarian state, and they were even less excited about the idea of being ethnically cleansed from the territory of Bosnia so that Izetbegovic could have his Muslim majority. It is no surprise, therefore, that the Bosnian Serbs had a strong interest in preventing Bosnian secession -- that is, they had an interest in a unified and democratic Yugoslavia. And that is why Radovan Karadzic, the leader of the Bosnian Serbs, expressed precisely this wish, not the wish to take anybody's land or hurt anybody:

“Mr. Radovan Karadzic, the SDS head [i.e. leader of the party that represented the Bosnian Serbs], yesterday kept repeating that his party wants ‘a federal, democratic, and united Yugoslavia.’”[9]

Consistent with this general picture, it was Izetbegovic, not Karadzic, who moved to split Bosnia from Yugoslavia. In 1992, Izetbegovic held a referendum on this question and then claimed that the results gave him a mandate to declare Bosnian independence:

[Quote From The Herald (Glasgow) starts here]

Referendum officials said results showed 63.4% of the 3.1 million electorate voted and 99.43% of them supported Bosnian independence.

Serbs, a third of the population who claim two-thirds of Bosnia's territory belongs to them, boycotted the poll.

“The referendum decided the question,” President Alija Izetbegovic told a news conference. “Bosnia is independent and wants to be an internationally recognized state.”[10]

[Quote ends here]

Let us first reflect on the figure “99.43%.” Is it even remotely plausible in an honest election that essentially 100% of those who go to the polls vote the same way? Saddam Hussein always got 99.9% of the vote because he ran unopposed and because he ran a totalitarian state. Nobody ever believed that such figures reflected how Iraqis truly felt. Should we reason differently about the figure 99.43% in Izetbegovic’s referendum on Bosnian secession?

The answer, of course, is no.

But let us consider the question a bit more closely. What was Izetbegovic’s real political support? Two years earlier, in the 1990 elections, Izetbegovic had actually lost to another Bosnian Muslim, Fikret Abdic. As explained by the BBC immediately after the 1990 vote,

“The future presidency of the SR of Bosnia-Hercegovina will comprise of Fikret Abdic with 1,010,618 votes and Alija Izetbegovic with 847,386 - both Muslim candidates of the Party of Democratic Action...”[11]

And yet the one who took power was Izetbegovic, as explained by The Economist:

Mr [Fikret] Abdic got more votes in the 1990 Bosnian presidential election than Mr Izetbegovic but, under party political pressure, ceded his place to him. He was pro-Yugoslavia and lukewarm about Bosnian independence.”[12]

So Izetbegovic’s secessionist faction muscled Fikret Abdic - who “got more votes” and was “pro-Yugoslavia” (both points are crucial) - to the side after the 1990 elections.

This is quite interesting for the following reason. In those elections of 1990,

"Bosnia's Muslims, who make up about 40 per cent of its four million people, voted in force for their Party of Democratic Action. Likewise, Serbs and Croats voted almost exclusively for their own national parties."[13]

If practically all Bosnian Muslims voted for the Muslim-dominated Party of Democratic Action, to which both Fikret Abdic and Alija Izetbegovic belonged, then, since Abdic got more votes than Izetbegovic, a majority of all Muslims in Bosnia (about 54%) voted for the “pro-Yugoslavia” candidate in 1990. Take note.

And how “pro-Yugoslavia” was he? Just how “lukewarm about Bosnian independence” was he?

Very. When the civil war broke out, Fikret Abdic and his Bosnian Muslim followers ended up fighting against Alija Izetbegovic's terrorists, despite the fact that they were fellow Muslims.

"A political rival of Izetbegovic, Abdic is critical of the government in Sarajevo [led by Izetbegovic] for its failure to work out a peace agreement with its Serb and Croat enemies.

The Bosnian government has ejected Abdic from the 10-member presidency and Izetbegovic has accused him of treason.

Later today, about 2000 people rallied in support of Abdic in the hilltop village of Skokovi, on the edge of Abdic territory south of Velika Kladusa.

The demonstrators called for an end to the Bosnia war and the suffering of civilians.

In Bihac itself, about 200 people demonstrated in support of Izetbegovic and Muslim unity, witnesses told Reuters."
[12b]

Reuters wants you to think that support for Izetbegovic is support for "Muslim unity", but this is absurd. Muslims were fighting Muslims, and therefore support for one side against the other should be described simply as "taking sides", not as support for "Muslim unity."

What Reuters says that Abdic's followers  -- Izetbegovic's opponents -- were for, however, is not an absurdity, so there is no reason to doubt it. And it is this: Abdic's followers "called for an end to the Bosnia war and the suffering of civilians." Supporters of Izetbegovic, then, who accused Abdic of treason, must have been calling for the opposite: a continuation of the Bosnian civil war and the murder of civilians. And that makes perfect sense, because Izetbegovic was a fundamentalist terrorist.

Understandably, most Bosnian Muslims didn't want to be ruled by a madman such as Alija Izetbegovic, and so in 1990 most of them voted for Fikret Abdic, who allied with the Bosnian Serbs.[12c]

But that is quite a contradiction for the official story, repeated endlessly by the mainstream Western media, the NATO powers, the European Union, and the UN. This story says that the Bosnian Serbs were the ones supposedly carrying out an "ethnic cleansing" campaign against the Bosnian Muslims and Croats. Here, for example, is the earliest accusation of supposed "ethnic cleansing" by Bosnian Serbs that I could find:

"The U.N. High Commission for Refugees said Tuesday that more than 134,400 mostly Muslim and Croatian refugees have been driven from their homes in what Western diplomats and government officials regard as 'ethnic cleansing' operations aimed at creating 'pure' Serbian areas."[12a]

The quotation is from a United Press International wire dated April 14th, 1992. The date itself captures the entire contradiction. Here's why.

Genocides don't just happen. The people who commit them have to be incited, and this requires propaganda, which means speeches, newspaper articles, radio addresses, leaflets, books, rallies, etc. You cannot make any of that happen in a week. If you want to have a genocide by early 1992, you have to start preparing for it well before that. Adolf Hitler did not begin exterminating the Jews in 1933, when he took power, but several years later, when the preparatory propaganda work had been done, the political opposition had been destroyed, and the troops that would do the dirty work had been recruited, trained, and indoctrinated. So anybody who wants to believe that the Bosnian Serbs really were carrying out an "ethnic cleansing" campaign against their Muslim and Croat neighbors in early 1992 is practically forced to assert that in 1990 there already had to be at least some Bosnian Serb propaganda about ethnic cleansing against the Muslims and Croats, and probably a lot. And this is naturally the sort of thing that Bosnian Muslims and Croats would have heard about.

And there's your contradiction, because in 1990 a majority of Muslims in Bosnia voted for Fikret Abdic, the most pro-Serbian Muslim leader in Bosnia.

One way to resolve the contradiction is to posit that the mainstream Western media, en masse, lied about the Serbs carrying out a campaign of "ethnic cleansing." If that seems too far-fetched then we can go with the alternative, which is that a majority of Bosnian Muslims are insane, and so despite the fact that the Bosnian Serbs were making noises in 1990 about exterminating them, these Muslims nevertheless wanted to live with their would-be exterminators.

Those are our two choices, unless we can think of a third hypothesis that will account for the data.

Let us now return to Alija Izetbegovic's referendum on Bosnian independence, held in 1992. Above, the Herald told us that “Referendum officials said results showed 63.4% of the 3.1 million electorate [had] voted.” This means that the remaining 36.6% of the electorate did not vote in this referendum. How many of these were Serbs? Almost all of them, because we also learned above that “Serbs, a third of the population..., boycotted the poll,” and a third equals 33%.

Something else that we learn by this is that almost every single Croat and Muslim in Bosnia, according to referendum officials, did vote. The following is inescapable: if “Referendum officials said...99.43% of them supported Bosnian independence,” what they said is that practically every single Muslim and Croat who was eligible to vote in fact cast a vote to separate Bosnia from Yugoslavia in 1992.

But in order for 99% of practically all eligible Croats and Muslims to vote for Bosnian independence in 1992, what would have to be true? Well, it would have to be true that the 54% of Muslims who had voted in 1990 for Fikret Abdic -- and therefore against Bosnian independence -- had all changed their minds.

How likely is that?

It is impossible because, as we saw, Fikret Abdic and thousands of his followers ended up fighting against the secessionist Izetbegovic and alongside the pro-Yugoslavia Bosnian Serbs after Izetbegovic's phony referendum of 1992.[14] (When the Economist called Abdic “lukewarm about Bosnian independence” it was understating; Abdic was literally and violently opposed to Bosnian independence.)

So the question is this: How did Alija Izetbegovic get away with saying that all Croats and Muslims in Bosnia had voted for independence in 1992?

Answer: with terror.

As we saw in the second article in this series, in 1993 the Daily Telegraph reported on Izetbegovic’s Handzar Division, made up mostly of imported (i.e. non-Bosnian) Muslim fighters from Kosovo, Albania, Afghanistan, Pakistan, North Africa and other places.[15] This force was modeled after the original Nazi SS Handzar Division, which had been composed of thousands of Bosnian Muslims who volunteered for the Nazis in WWII to go hunt for Serbs, Jews, and Roma in Yugoslavia, and either slaughter them in their homes or send them to the Croatian concentration camp system known as Jasenovac.[15a]

Members of Izetbegovic’s spanking new Handzar Division explained that “We do everything with the knife,” leaving no doubt that this was indeed Izetbegovic’s instrument of terror, closely modeled on the original.

The Daily Telegraph’s article of 1993 was reporting on a fully operational Handzar, “up to 6000 strong,” but they did not say when exactly the new Handzar had been formed. Anything this big, however, cannot be put together that easily, so it practically follows that the Handzar recruits were already in Bosnia just one year earlier, in 1992, when Izetbegovic held his referendum on Bosnian secession.

Supporting that is an article in the Los Angeles Times titled, “Bosnia Seen As Hospitable Base And Sanctuary For Terrorists,” which reported that,

“Beginning in 1992, as many as 4,000 volunteers from throughout North Africa, the Middle East and Europe came to Bosnia to fight Serbian and Croatian nationalists on behalf of fellow Muslims. They are known as the moujahedeen. A military analyst called them ‘pretty good fighters and certainly ruthless.’”[16]

The mujahideen - also spelled mujahedin - are ‘holy warriors’: international Islamist terrorists who got their start fighting a CIA-created terrorist war against the Soviets in Afghanistan, in 1979, and who now hire themselves out to fight in various parts of the world.[17] The media presented the importation of these terrorist mercenaries into Bosnia as an effort by Muslims “on behalf of fellow Muslims,” but this of course is false. The mujahedin are in the business of terrorizing their fellow Muslims, something that the media somehow always forgets to tell its readers.

It later became known, as a result of a Dutch investigation, that it was the Pentagon itself that had coordinated and overseen the importation of these foreign mujahedin terrorists into Bosnia.[18] US Senator Larry Craig produced an angry report that summarized much of this illegal covert US activity.[19] (In order to keep appearances, the US publicly criticized Iran for smuggling weapons to Izetbegovic - the same weapons that the US Pentagon was covertly helping the same Iranians send to the same Izetbegovic.[19a])

Thus, it appears that Izetbegovic had already at his disposal many imported terrorists -- brought there courtesy of the United States -- prior to the referendum on Bosnian independence held in March 1992. And given that he did import these terrorists, we do not have to guess what his own local followers were like: terrorist thugs.

With that context in the background, recall that in his book “Islamic Declaration,” in a section titled “The Relations Of The Islamic Society With Other Societies,” Izetbegovic quoted approvingly a Quranic text that says “association [with infidels] is a graver sin than murder.”[20]  Is this sort of thing relevant to Bosnian politics in the early 1990s? It is, because quite a few Muslims - a majority, in 1990 - favored a united Yugoslavia, so they favored peaceful “association” with their non-Muslim compatriots, which means they became targets for Izetbegovic's Islamist mercenaries. And now we can explain a ridiculous figure such as 99.43% apparent support for Bosnian independence in Izetbegovic’s referendum, which was held at the point of a terrorist gun.

We can also explain something else.

Unlike the Western public, which kept reading in the New York Times and other such publications that Izetbegovic was supposedly a “moderate,” the Bosnian Serbs knew about this man's violent tract, “Islamic Declaration” (or “Islamic Manifesto”). Izetbegovic had famously been imprisoned for such inflammatory writings,[20a] and he re-released his book in time to use it as his platform for the 1990 Bosnian presidential elections. So the Bosnian Serbs could see what was in store for them if they allowed this lunatic to separate Bosnia from Yugoslavia. Consequently, the Serbs boycotted the referendum on Bosnian independence.

The ground on which the Bosnian Serbs stood was solid because the referendum was illegal. Former Assistant Publisher for Defense & Foreign Affairs Publications (London), T.W. Carr, explained it as follows:

[Start Quote From T.W. Carr]

In the multi-party elections held in Bosnia-Herzegovina on November 18, 1990, the population voted almost exclusively along communal lines. The Muslim Democratic Action Party secured 86 seats, the Serbian Democratic Party 72, and the Croatian Democratic Union (i.e. union with Croatia) Party 44 seats. As the leader of the largest political party, Mr. Izetbegovic, became the first President of Bosnia- Herzegovina, albeit for just one year, for under the new constitution of B-H, the presidency was to revolve each year between the three parties, each of which represented one ethnic community.

Under constitutional law, in January 1992, Mr. Izetbegovic should have handed over the Presidency to Mr. Radovan Karadzic, the Serbian Democratic leader. He failed to honor the constitution and being true to his writings, he seized power, acting undemocratically and illegally. Therefore, at no time since January 1992 should Mr. Izetbegovic have been acknowledged by the international community as the legal President of B-H.[21]

[End Quote From T.W. Carr]

Carr is actually too soft because Izetbegovic had already seized the Bosnian presidency from Fikret Abdic, the winner at the polls in 1990, so Izetbegovic’s presidency never should have been recognized in the first place. But even applying Carr’s standard, since “at no time since January 1992 should Mr. Izetbegovic have been acknowledged by the international community as the legal President of B-H,” it follows that neither should the international community have recognized as legal a referendum on Bosnian independence held in March 1992, and presided by Izetbegovic.

And yet the European Union, and then the United States, rushed to endorse Izetbegovic’s referendum, and recognized breakaway 'Bosnia.' But why?

Alija Izetbegovic’s claim that “The referendum decided the question,” was ludicrous: (1) his government was illegal, (2) his referendum was illegal, (3) the landslide result was obviously produced by terrorist intimidation, and moreover it is easily shown that Izetbegovic did not have the support of even a majority of Bosnian Muslims, who themselves were not a majority of Bosnians, (4) the referendum had been boycotted en masse by the second largest ethnic community in Bosnia, and (5) this ethnic community, the Serbs, as we shall see below, happened to own and till the land in over 60% of Bosnian territory! Under such conditions, recognizing independent Bosnia was an absurdity guaranteed to produce a civil war.

But since it was the US itself that helped supply Izetbegovic with mujahedin terrorists at least as early as 1992, and since there is no question but that Izetbegovic was a terrorist from the start, it follows that producing a civil war in Yugoslavia was precisely the US's -- and NATO's -- goal. 


The press says the separatists are. . .
. . .the Bosnian Serbs!
___________________

The absurdity of recognizing breakaway Bosnia pales compared to another one: the mainstream Western media explained to the world that the “separatists” were supposedly...the Bosnian Serbs! For example, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch wrote the following in an official editorial:

“For as long as the [Yugoslav] army is aiding and abetting separatist Bosnian Serbs, the integrity of Bosnia-Herzegovina is threatened.”[22]

Now, how exactly were the Bosnian Serbs the “separatists” when their leader, “Radovan Karadzic…kept repeating that his party wants ‘a federal, democratic, and united Yugoslavia’”?[23]

Aren't those making calls for a “united Yugoslavia” the opposite of “separatists”? They are in my dictionary.

Mind you, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch wrote its absurd editorial on May 2, 1992, which was only 5 months since Izetbegovic had illegally seized power for the second time, and only three months since he had used that power to stage an illegal referendum at the point of a terrorist gun in order illegally to declare independence and separate Bosnia from Yugoslavia. So the St. Louis Post-Dispatch cannot possibly have been confused about who were the real separatists.

But there is a careful logic here. The complaint, as you can see above, is that the Serbs were supposedly a threat to the “integrity of Bosnia-Herzegovina.” What does this tell the mind of the reader? That the province of Bosnia-Herzegovina is actually a legitimate country from which the Bosnian Serbs were illegally trying to separate. The truth is very different. The Bosnian Serbs merely wanted to remain in the legitimate country that they were already citizens of: Yugoslavia, internationally recognized since 1918. The Serbs were expressing their opposition to separatism and their desire not to be stranded in an illegal and racist breakaway pseudo-state. So when Alija Izetbegovic pretended his pseudo-state had become a fact, the Bosnian Serbs naturally sought to make clear that they were not part of that (and, of course, they weren't, because the pseudo-state had been declared illegally).

And the most important issue here is this: the Bosnian Serbs never sought to establish a political division between themselves and the Bosnian Muslims and Croats until after and in response to the fact that Izetbegovic had illegally seized power to force secession from Yugoslavia, as is made clear by the following item in the BBC:

“A Republic of the Serbian People of Bosnia-Hercegovina, with its administrative centre in Sarajevo, and which would be “a federal unit in the federal state of Yugoslavia,” was declared by the Assembly of the Serbian People of Bosnia-Hercegovina on 9th January, Radio Sarajevo reported.”[24]

I interrupt the BBC to point out the crucial point. As T.W. Carr explained (see above), “Under [Bosnian] constitutional law, in January 1992, Mr. Izetbegovic should have handed over the Presidency to Mr. Radovan Karadzic, the Serbian Democratic leader.” But Izetbegovic did not. So when the Serbs made the above declaration on “9th January,” 1992, they were doing so a few days after Alija Izetbegovic illegally seized the presidency of Bosnia-Herzegovina. It was a reaction to Izetbegovic's coup d'État.

Back to the BBC:

“The [Bosnian Serb] Assembly on the 9th also sent telegrams to the chairman of the peace conference on Yugoslavia, Lord Carrington, and to UN Secretary-General Butrus Ghali, informing them of its decision that Bosnia-Hercegovina Presidency President Alija Izetbegovic and Foreign Minister Haris Silajdzic no longer represented the interests of Bosnia-Hercegovina’s Serbian people in international fora, Radio Sarajevo and Tanjug reported. Serbian Assembly deputies were reported by Tanjug on the 9th to have said that the declaration of the Serbian republic [in Bosnia] was a result of ‘illegitimate and illegal decisions of the Muslim-Croatian coalition,’ and a response to Muslim and Croatian demands for international recognition of an independent Republic of Bosnia-Hercegovina.”[24]

The Serbs made clear that they were acting “as a result of ‘illegitimate and illegal decisions of the Muslim-Croatian coalition.’” Their action was “a response to Muslim and Croatian demands for international recognition of an independent Republic of Bosnia-Hercegovina.” If the Croats and Izetbegovic's minority Muslim faction tried to secede illegally, the Serbs at least wanted to follow the law and remain citizens of the country that they were already citizens of: Yugoslavia. This is evident from their statement that the “Republic of the Serbian People of Bosnia-Hercegovina, with its administrative centre in Sarajevo... would be ‘a federal unit in the federal state of Yugoslavia.’”

What does this demonstrate? That under these circumstances it is simply impossible to say that the Bosnian Serbs were the “separatists” and make any English sense whatever. But take a look at this sampling:

“Bosnian Serb separatist leader Radovan Karadzic” (The Washington Post)

“Bosnia's leadership had hoped for more in their fight against Serbian separatists who have taken control of about two-thirds of the country.” (CNN)

“The tragedy for defenders of an open society in Bosnia was that their foes, Serb separatists, were ready with force.” (The Economist)

“Nicola Koljevic, vice president of Bosnian Serb separatists” (USA TODAY)

“The U.S. aim was to persuade Milosevic to recognize Bosnian statehood and cut off the flow of supplies to the Serbian separatists.” (Newsweek)

“Fears of a link-up between army commanders and Serbian separatists have led to tolerance over the past six months of a Croatian paramilitary build-up.” (The Times)

“American pilots and their vast military support network have taken up the task of bombing Serb separatist military positions in Bosnia.” (ABC NEWS)

“Newly independent Bosnia, already two-thirds occupied by Serb separatists” (St. Petersburg Times)

“Newly independent Bosnia, already two-thirds occupied by Serb separatists” (The Houston Chronicle)

“...in the capital of the self-proclaimed independent state that militant Serb separatists have staked out in the 70 percent of Bosnia they now control.” (The Washington Post)

“...fighting was underway between Serbian separatists and local police.” (Agence France Presse)

“Newly independent Bosnia, already two-thirds occupied by Serb separatists” (The Associated Press)

“When NATO intervened, it was at the request of the Bosnian government to save the country from being overrun by Serbian separatists.” (CBC TV)[25]

So the Bosnian Serbs, who were trying to prevent the disintegration of a state recognized internationally since 1918, were accused of “separatism,” and meanwhile the Bosnian Muslim followers of Alija Izetbegovic, who shattered Yugoslavia with racist terror, were praised for “struggling for democracy, human rights, and a multiethnic country.”[26] That is, they were praised for fighting the Serbs, supposedly to preserve the “integrity” of 'Bosnia' - a pseudo-state, illegally declared at the point of a mujahedin gun.

If “separatism” is really “integrity,” and vice-versa, then what language are we speaking?

In George Orwell’s book, “1984,” he described a society where the language spoken was Newspeak, with the peculiarity that the important political terms always meant the opposite of what they literally said, begetting slogans such as “War is Peace,” “Freedom is Slavery,” etc. Newspeak clearly is the language that the media employed when covering the civil wars in Yugoslavia.

But it worked, and for an infuriating reason: when everybody repeats the same thing, people tend to believe it. Is it any wonder, then, that hapless Western news consumers learned to think of Izetbegovic and Co. as ‘the good guys’ and of the Bosnian Serbs as ‘the (separatist) bad guys’?


The Serbs were just defending themselves
______________________________________

You may recall from the above section that The Herald (Glasgow) wrote as follows:

“Serbs [are] a third of the population [in Bosnia] who claim two-thirds of Bosnia's territory belongs to them.”[27]

The implication is that, if the Serbs are only one third of the Bosnian population, it cannot be right for them to own two-thirds of Bosnia, or else The Herald would neither point out the ratio one-third/two-thirds as if it expressed an injustice, nor would it represent the Bosnian Serbs as staking a “claim.”

But is the Herald's implication reasonable?

It depends on the context. If, for example, the Bosnian Serbs happened to be mostly peasant farmers, whereas the Bosnian Muslims were mostly city dwellers, and if the Serbs all had title to their lands because they had bought or inherited them, there would be absolutely nothing wrong with the Bosnian Serbs owning two-thirds of Bosnia. The only situation where it can be objected that the Bosnian Serbs own two-thirds of Bosnia is in the case where this land was taken by force from other people. This is precisely what the mainstream Western press unanimously alleged that the Serbs had done.

To demonstrate that the media did this, allow me now to reproduce for you the most common phrase in the set of quotations from the media provided at the end of the previous section:

“...Serbian separatists who have taken control of about two-thirds of the country.” (CNN)

“Newly independent Bosnia, already two-thirds occupied by Serb separatists” (St. Petersburg Times)

“Newly independent Bosnia, already two-thirds occupied by Serb separatists” (The Houston Chronicle)

“...in the capital of the self-proclaimed independent state that militant Serb separatists have staked out in the 70 percent of Bosnia they now control.” (The Washington Post)

“Newly independent Bosnia, already two-thirds occupied by Serb separatists” (The Associated Press)

The press was unanimous. The Bosnian Serbs had “taken control,” “occupied,” and “staked out” a whole two-thirds of Bosnia. In other words, the media accused the Serbs of taking other people's land away from them by force.

The only problem with this representation is that the Serbs never conquered other people’s land in Bosnia. They were not 'claiming' anything. It is a simple and easily verified historical fact that the Bosnian Serbs actually owned two thirds of Bosnia to begin with.

A year after the St. Louis Post-Dispatch published an official editorial which incoherently characterized the Bosnian Serbs as aggressors and “separatists” (quoted in the previous section), Gordon Bardos, a Balkans’ scholar, penned a personal editorial in the same paper that corrected this nonsense:

[Start Quote From St. Louis Post-Dispatch]

“The Muslim leadership of Bosnia-Herzegovina...bears considerable responsibility for what has happened, but is seldom blamed for provoking the war...

...this is patently not a war of Serbian 'aggression'...

...The Serbs fighting in Bosnia-Herzegovina, moreover, are not invaders from Serbia proper; they are indigenous to Bosnia and one of the three recognized constituent nations of the state. The Serbs (who prior to the war made up approximately 33 percent of Bosnia's population) now control approximately 60-70 percent of Bosnia. For a variety of historical reasons, the Muslims (about 44 percent of the pre-war population) are the most urbanized ethnic group in Bosnian society, with most of their population concentrated in cities and towns. The Serbs, on the other hand, are mostly farmers, and literally own 60 percent of the land in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Thus, the land they 'occupy' is literally their own.”[28]

[End Quote From St. Louis Post-Dispatch]

To read Gordon Bardos’ article in full, and to see a National Geographic ethnic map of Bosnia drawn with information from the 1991 census, which confirms what Bardos says about the territorial distribution of the ethnic communities, go here:
http://www.hirhome.com/yugo/bosniamap.htm

So the media presented the fact that Serbs were sitting on 2/3 of Bosnia as an illegal ‘conquest,’ when the simple and easily verified truth was that every one of those peasant Serbs had title to the land that he was farming.

The disinformation on this point was often subtle and clever. For example, in 1993, after there had been some fighting, the Boston Globe wrote:

“The Serbs control about 70 percent of Bosnia and have offered to relinquish some of their holdings to give the Bosnian Muslim state just under 30 percent of Bosnia. The Muslims now control just 10 percent of the country. Before the civil war, the Muslims were the largest group in Bosnia.”[29]

Notice what happens when you invert the order of the claims, as the brain of any ordinary reader of course will, in an effort to make them mutually relevant:

“Before the civil war, the Muslims were the largest group in Bosnia. The Muslims now control just 10 percent of the country. The Serbs control about 70 percent of Bosnia and have offered to relinquish some of their holdings to give the Bosnian Muslim state just under 30 percent of Bosnia.”

All ambiguity can be removed from the implied argument by nudging it gently here and there:

“Before the civil war, the Muslims were the largest group in Bosnia, and yet the Muslims now control just 10 percent of the country. Why? Because the Serbs have taken control of about 70 percent of Bosnia. Although the Serbs have offered to relinquish some of their holdings, they will force the Bosnian Muslim state to exist within just under 30 percent of Bosnia.”

I would contend that whoever reads the original passage as it appeared in the Boston Globe would end up interpreting it precisely as it appears in my final rendition. If this is accepted, then it practically follows that the above is the intended message. And this message screams the following: that the Muslims were spread out over the majority of Bosnian territory before the war, and that the Serbs changed this by force, resorting to the supposed genocide that they are accused of carrying out.

Now, whether or not you believe that the Bosnian Serbs carried out a genocide, this is what you cannot believe: that before the civil war the Bosnian Muslims lived on a majority of Bosnian territory, because “The Serbs...are mostly farmers, and literally own 60 percent of the land in Bosnia and Herzegovina” (see above). Therefore, if the Serbs ended up controlling 70 percent of Bosnia at one point, the only possible interpretation is that they were mostly just defending their own homes, but had managed to make a few gains on the battlefield after Izetbegovic's terrorist forces attacked them.

So the Boston Globe has cleverly constructed an implication for something that is completely false: that it was the Bosnian Muslims who, before the civil war, owned and lived on most of the land in Bosnia. Why imply that, if it is not true? An obvious hypothesis is that the Boston Globe much prefers to appear as though it is making sense, as opposed to giving the impression that it is run by incoherent madmen. Therefore, when this newspaper accuses the Serbs of carrying out a genocide, as it did along with the entire Western mainstream media, it is practically forced to imply (if not to say outright) that the Bosnian Muslims originally owned most of the land but were then driven out by the Serbs. Why? Because that is precisely the sort of thing that would have happened if the Serbs had carried out a genocide.

But, of course, what is implied by the Boston Globe did not happen: the Serbs were not chasing others from their homes. So the question is this: If supporting an accusation of "ethnic cleansing" requires implying something that is demonstrably false, and about which the media had to know better, shouldn't you become skeptical that the Bosnian Serbs really were doing any "ethnic cleansing"?


Were the Serbs incited to commit war crimes?
________________________________________

Despite everything I have shown, it will be tempting to fall back on the following position: “Well, but everybody is to blame in Bosnia. The Serbs certainly did carry out some horrific crimes of war, even if we can agree that they didn’t start the conflict.” It is natural to gravitate towards this position because this is the sort of belief that will salvage at least some confidence in the mainstream Western press. It would mean that the press did not lie to us absolutely about everything. This fallback position will be comforting to most people because the idea that the media made up every little detail of this war plunges them into an existential crisis.

Sadly, however, I must report that the mainstream media did lie - and about everything that mattered. No, the Serbs did not commit the war crimes that they were accused of committing.

In the first piece in this series, we already spent some time looking at the public statements of Alija Izetbegovic, the leader of the Bosnian Muslims. We saw that Izetbegovic was a straightforward fascist and Islamist, who proudly published his views for all to see. In the second piece in this series, we saw that the mainstream Western media went out of its way to pretend that Izetbegovic was a moderate democrat, though of course it knew better.

The flipside of this is how the same media portrayed Serbian leaders, and so it pays to compare the case of Alija Izetbegovic to that of the most internationally visible Serbian leader, Slobodan Milosevic. Consider the following sampling (you'll notice a consistent slant):

"...Baker and Eagleburger have discovered that Serbian dictator Slobodan Milosevic is a ruthless man who observes no rules. They  ... [will] risk American lives to stop this new Hitler, the newspaper accounts say." (Washington Post)

"Tina Hadzija of Staten Island called Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic 'the new Hitler.' She said she has not heard from her relatives in Gjakovica in weeks and fears 'they were wiped out.'" (Daily News [New York])

"...Clinton's rhetoric about the need to stand up to a new Hitler; ...his solemn warning that Milosevic will be held responsible for the lives of captured Americans..." (New York Times)

"Those who supported NATO's air campaign [did so] in the belief [that] Slobodan Milosevic was a new Hitler who threatened both European and world peace..." (Toronto Sun)

"Propaganda as a form of free information is not new. Hitler and Stalin used it effectively in the 1930s. Slobodan Milosevic's control of television was crucial to his power in Serbia." (Foreign Affairs)

"So, the two Spielberg movies ['Saving Private Ryan' and 'Schindler's List'] encouraged our foreign policy experts to see the Balkans not as a snake pit best avoided, but as a black and white struggle between Good and Evil. Yugoslavia's Slobodan Milosevic was the new Hitler to be destroyed and the Kosovo Albanians were the new Jews to be saved." (United Press International)

"Russians also have a vastly different view of President Milosevic. While in the West the Yugoslav leader is demonized as Europe's new Hitler, Russia's Communist Party has used that description only for NATO, saying the military alliance is carrying out a fascist campaign." (National Public Radio)[29a]

It is clear that National Public Radio got it just right when it said that "in the West the Yugoslav leader [Milosevic] is demonized as Europe's new Hitler."

But this Western representation is embarrassed by the simple facts. At this link you will find the US government translation of the speech that Milosevic delivered at the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo, in 1989.
http://emperors-clothes.com/milo/milosaid.html

If you wish to compare that to the BBC translation of the same speech, I have scanned the microfilm of the BBC translation:
http://www.hirhome.com/yugo/milosevic1.pdf http://www.hirhome.com/yugo/milosevic2.pdf
http://www.hirhome.com/yugo/milosevic3.pdf

For an easy-to-read text version of the BBC translation:
http://www.hirhome.com/yugo/bbc_milosevic.htm

As you will see, Milosevic’s speech is an ode to ethnic tolerance. And from my near-exhaustive documentation of how this speech was covered, you will see that every major Western media outlet (including the BBC, which translated the speech) slandered Milosevic’s 1989 oration, claiming that he had incited Serbs to hatred when in fact he had done precisely the opposite.
http://www.hirhome.com/yugo/milospeech.htm

It is quite significant that this beautiful speech was falsely demonized all over the Western media as hate speech. How could such an aberration take place?

One hypothesis says that the mainstream Western media meant to paint Milosevic as a hate-monger, regardless of the facts, in the same way that they defied the facts in order to paint Izetbegovic as a compassionate and democratic dove. The alternative hypothesis says that, although Milosevic really was a hate-monger, the entire mainstream Western media, rather than quote speeches where Milosevic had espoused racism, somehow instead decided to make its case by lying about a consummately tolerant speech.

Unless we can come up with a third hypothesis that will explain the data, those are our choices.

Which hypothesis is better? Well, consider this question: Who resorts to spectacular lies when the truth achieves the same result? An imbecile. So although the first hypothesis requires us to believe that the entire mainstream Western media is run by liars, and that may appeared far-fetched, the alternative is that the entire mainstream Western media is run by imbeciles.

I think the people who run the mainstream Western media are smart. It is clear that they wanted to tar Milosevic with the label "new Hitler," and thus if an interview, speech, radio address, published letter, newspaper article, public statement, off-hand remark, marginal scrawl, etc. -- if anything by Milosevic existed that sounded remotely intolerant, the Western media would have used it.

But, obviously, they could find nothing, or else why did they lie about a consummately tolerant speech in order to allege that Milosevic was a hate-monger?

What follows? If the media could find nothing by Milosevic that sounded remotely hateful, we have demonstrated something else: nobody can argue that Slobodan Milosevic was inciting the Serbs to hatred and murder. Why? Because incitement is a public behavior: symbols have to be manipulated, fears exploited, etc. One does not incite a people telepathically. A good example of this is Alija Izetbegovic, who used rather explicit quotes from the Qur’an to instruct his followers in the subject of doing violence to non-Muslims, and then made a big show of publishing his views to coincide with the 1990 elections in Bosnia (for which see part 1 and part 2 of this series).

Now, but given that the Serbs were not being incited from on high, why then should we believe that the Serbs really carried out orgies of violence against non-Serbs? Why? Are they supposed to be spontaneously genocidal? In the absence of incitement from above, that would have to be the hypothesis.

But how good is that hypothesis?


The Serbs are the last population in the world that should have been suspected of genocidal behavior
______________________________________

The history of the Serbs is a history of moral courage. No other people can lay claim to a more dramatic record of fighting racists and protecting minorities. In World War II, nobody in Europe defended their Jewish compatriots more bravely than the Serbs, treating them as their own flesh, and dying along with their Jewish compatriots in concentration camps by the hundreds of thousands. Why? Because, as they chanted in the streets of Belgrade, they preferred death to slavery; they would not collaborate with Hitler’s Final Solution.

Mind you, ordinary Serbs chose to defy Hitler even when their government tried to seek an accommodation with him. That government then fell to a coup-d'Etat that was supported by the Serbs, and which amounted to a declaration of war on Nazi Germany.[29b] The most amazing thing here is that when the Serbs did this, they were already completely surrounded by Hitler and his allies, whose armies had swept all over Europe with little difficulty.

The Croat, Bosnian Muslim, and Albanian populations of WWII, by contrast, for the most part behaved quite differently. As the German armies invaded, they allied en masse with the Nazis, and cooperated enthusiastically in the persecution of Serbs, Jews, and Roma. But the Nazis and their allies were defeated in Yugoslavia by the explicitly tolerant multiethnic movement of the Yugoslav Partisans, which was composed overwhelmingly of Serbs. And it was precisely the Bosnian Serbs - take note - who launched the multi-ethnic Partisan movement. After the war, the Serbs recreated Yugoslavia rather than launch vengeful persecutions - despite the fact that they had just suffered a genocide.[30]

This exemplary moral courage needs to be placed in the context of the especially brutal policies of the Nazis in Yugoslavia. As the eminent Holocaust historian Raul Hilberg explains in his massive work on the subject, Nazi forces in Serbia instituted a policy of killing 100 hostages for every German whom the Serbian Partisans killed. Sometimes the hostages were Jews, and that speaks volumes.

“In a private letter written by Staatsrat Turner [the chief of civil administration under Bohme] to the Higher SS and Police leader in Danzing, Gruppenfuhrer Hildebrandt, on October 17, 1941, he wrote: ‘...for murdered Germans, on whose account the ratio 1:100 should really be borne by Serbs, 100 Jews are shot instead; but the Jews we had in the camps - after all, they too are Serb nationals...’”[31]

In other words, the German Nazis wanted to murder 100 Serbian hostages for every German soldier killed by the Yugoslav Partisans (who were overwhelmingly Serbs). Sometimes what they had were Jewish hostages, but the Nazis concluded that murdering these Jews was an equally effective terror strategy against the Partisans, because it quickly became obvious to them that the Serbs would make no distinction between Orthodox Serbs and Serbian Jews. In fact, the Nazis found it impossible even to enforce their anti-Jewish laws in occupied Belgrade because of massive resistance from the Serbs (please read the documentation in the footnote).[31b]

What happened in Croatia was just the opposite: massive collaboration with the fascist Ustashe regime. The Jews there and in Bosnia were quickly rounded up and killed by their Croat neighbors, and also by large numbers of Bosnian Muslims allied with the Ustashe regime.[31a] All those Jews who were able to flee into the (mostly-Serbian) Partisan orbit, however, were saved.

This all makes it quite unlikely, on first inspection, that the Serbs, of all people, could have become spontaneously genocidal, especially without prodding from their leaders. This is such an unlikely hypothesis, in fact, that it cannot be accepted unless there is overwhelming evidence. But there was no such evidence. Dispatches from Yugoslavia always talked about supposed ‘Serbian atrocities’ that nobody had witnessed. As Ramsay Steele explained in Liberty, for the case of Kosovo:

“The New York Times for May 7 carries a front-page report of the NATO bombing of the town of Prizren. Like so many of these on-the-spot reports it is a mixture of NATO atrocities, which the reporter has witnessed, Serbian-Albanian co-operation and sympathy, which the reporter has witnessed, the return of Albanians to their homes, which the reporter has witnessed, and allusions to Serb atrocities against Albanians, which the reporter has not witnessed, but evidently believes because of what NATO and its media have told him.”[32]

Yes, but a reporter working for the New York Times is not duped by NATO’s media, he is NATO’s media.

And I point out that if accusations of Serbian atrocities in Kosovo were made without being witnessed to, this is in perfect harmony with the fact that no evidence ever turned up for the supposed Serbian atrocities.[32a]

But that was Kosovo. In the case of Bosnia, the crucial allegation of ‘Serbian atrocities’ was the accusation that the Bosnian Serbs had built death camps where they were supposedly murdering Bosnian Muslims. Almost everybody believed this (at the time, I am ashamed to admit, so did I). Why did everybody believe this? For two reasons:

1) most people in the West had zero knowledge of the brave history of the Serbs (I was in this position); and

2) they were told about the supposed death camps, which in fact never existed, over and over and...over again.

How did the media come to blare so insistently that the Bosnian Serbs were running death camps if such camps did not exist?


How were the accusations of war crimes against the Serbs manufactured?
___________________

This is how: In August 1992, ITN journalist Penny Marshall published photographs which were reproduced everywhere and which were described as showing death camps for non-Serbs, followed by immediate comparisons of the Bosnian Serbs to the German Nazis. So the traditional enemies of the Nazis were absurdly painted as “the new Nazis,” and the traditional allies of the Nazis were painted as their victims. This should be compared to the situation in Israel, where the Israeli Jews, the overwhelming majority of which live there because of the massacres and persecutions of the German Nazi Final Solution, or else the expulsions from Arab countries in North Africa and the Middle East that immediately followed, are portrayed as oppressors, while international support is mobilized for the PLO, whose controlling core (Al-Fatah) was created by a leader of Adolf Hitler's Final Solution.[32b]

Now, the photos that were used against the Bosnian Serbs were from the towns of Trnopolje and Omarska. These photos were represented as the opposite of what they were. We shall come back to this, as it is crucial, but first I would like to point out how unbelievable the accusations attached to these photographs were in the first place. As Jared Israel pointed out:

[Start Quote From Jared Israel]

In 1992, ITN, the British news station, sent a film team to Bosnia. It was led by Penny Marshall. The ITN people came back with what was supposedly a film of a Serbian concentration camp. A death camp, if you will.

Or will you? A death camp? What is wrong with this story? First off, how did Penny Marshall and an entire film crew get into a Serbian death camp and shoot a film? Didn't somebody have to transport the crew members plus a mountain of equipment? Didn't somebody have to show them around, feed them? The crew needed time to set up their cameras and so on. How did they do all this without getting caught? Did they parachute out of the sky? I mean seriously, didn't they need the cooperation of the administration of the so-called death camp?

They did.

But why would the Serbian authorities want to help? Were they morons? Didn't they know the West was hostile to the Bosnian Serbs? Weren't they attacked every day in the British press? Wasn't the Islamist leader, Izetbegovic, treated as a hero? Knowing ITN was probably anti-Serb, why would the Serbs let an ITN crew in to film - a death camp?

Could it be that the place they filmed was not a death camp? That the Bosnian Serbs let in Penny Marshall and her film crew precisely because they had nothing ugly to hide? Fortunately we don’t have to speculate. By coincidence, a group of Serbian filmmakers accompanied the ITN crew that day. The Serbs shot a movie - that's right, they literally shot a movie - of Penny Marshall and company shooting their movie.[33]

[End Quote From Jared Israel]

If you visit this link you can read about and also purchase the Emperor’s Clothes movie "Judgment!", which includes the RTS footage showing ITN’s Penny Marshall shooting at Omarska and Trnopolje. This is the footage shot by Serbian filmmakers that Jared Israel refers to above.
http://www.emperors-clothes.com/film/judgment.htm

The film shows very clearly that the places in question were not in the least death camps. One was a camp for prisoners of war where the people who had been trying to murder innocent Serbs were by contrast treated quite humanely by the Serbs who had disarmed them. And the other was a refugee camp for civilians displaced by the war, where unfortunate people were getting food, shelter, and medical attention from the Bosnian Serbs.

On the day that the stills from Penny Marshall's staged footage were unleashed to the world, something rather interesting happened. Without waiting for an investigation, just 20 minutes after the pictures were released (that’s right: 20 minutes, folks), president Bush Sr. changed his policy towards the Balkans and urged a UN Security-Council resolution authorizing use of force (against the Serbs) there. 

Wait. Twenty minutes?

Bush decided to call for killing people in Yugoslavia (an extreme decision) on the basis of photos which nobody -- let alone him -- could have examined for more than twenty minutes, let alone examine the claims behind them. What?

Wait again. Twenty minutes!? I cannot get dressed in twenty minutes. Can you? It is quite hard even to get the president on the phone in twenty minutes, because he is a busy man, what with running the most powerful country in the world and such. But should you succeed in contacting the president within those twenty minutes, you would still have to explain what your call was about, and that would be sure to consume all of your remaining twenty. So that leaves no remaining minutes for looking at the photographs, meeting with advisors, sounding out Congress, and finally concluding to change the US government’s policy on a major issue such as this. In fact, any of the above listed activities would, by itself, certainly consume more than twenty minutes. And yet the London Sunday Times reports that this is actually more time than was needed for all that: “less than 20 minutes after [ITN’s] report was broadcast on American television, President Bush changed his policy towards Serbia.”[34]

Few things scream ‘pre-planned’ more loudly than this. So of course Bush was waiting for the photographs. He knew they were on their way and acted immediately as soon as he got them.

The demonization of the Serbs moved quickly.

"In America, full accounts of ITN's harrowing footage were splashed across Newsday, headlined 'Bosnia horror', and The New York Times, under the headline 'Bush urges UN to back force to get aid to Bosnia'. Arnot Walker, a spokesman for ABC television, said: 'The pictures had a huge impact. There was increased pressure on the government to intercede. To see adults starving was like a throwback to the death camps of wartime Germany.'"[34b]

Only two days after the pictures were published, this is what the Europeans, in lock-step with the United States, said, as reported in The Times of London:

“The Foreign Office, acting on behalf of the presidency of the European Community, yesterday condemned the detention camps as ‘repulsive and despicable.’ It said that anyone ordering or committing breaches of the Geneva conventions would be held personally responsible. The strongly worded statement was issued as the ITN reporter Penny Marshall described a camp she had visited in a disused mine at Omarska. She described shaven-headed emaciated prisoners, too terrified to talk, and interviewed former inmates who described prisoners being beaten to death.”[35]

Of course, some people smelled a rat, and accused the ITN crew of having lied. This is when Ed Vulliamy, who had gone to Bosnia with Penny Marshall and the ITN film crew, and who initially wrote a story depicting the supposed horror for The Guardian, wrote an article for The Observer titled "I Stand by My Story," and 'clarified' as follows:

Omarska, Kereterm and Trnopolje were not industrial extermination camps or death camps, which are proper descriptions of Nazi camps alone. They were camps in which civilians were concentrated prior to deportation, meanwhile tortured, beaten, raped, mutilated or murdered.”[35a]

The nonexistent hair that Vulliamy pretends to split, above, communicates that his detractors were supposedly upset about some narrowly technical definition of "death camp" that Vulliamy had abused. But of course that was not the issue. The issue was that Vulliamy was alleging that people “were concentrated prior to deportation, meanwhile tortured, beaten, raped, mutilated or murdered” by the Bosnian Serbs, and that allegation was a total lie.

Later, ITN used a libel suit to bludgeon a tiny magazine called Living Marxism into bankruptcy for exposing ITN’s lies about the so-called death camps.[36] After this gross miscarriage of justice, in which Living Marxism was ordered to pay an exorbitant sum for the crime of telling the truth, Reuters reported that: “[Penny] Marshall, wiping tears from her eyes, said the judgment was ‘important for the people who were in the camp.’”[37]

Crocodile tears for nonexistent victims.

The alleged Bosnian Serb ‘death camp’ was in fact a refugee camp, and the bewildered refugees said this over and over again to Penny Marshall, correcting her repeatedly even though she kept trying to make them say it was a concentration camp. “No, no. Refugee camp, refugee camp!” they kept saying. Was she deaf? They forcefully denied that they were being mistreated even though Marshall kept trying to make them say that this was the case. “They are very nice. Very nice,” is what they kept replying. They were smiling, at ease, joking with each other... They were obviously well fed. They were not enclosed. They were not guarded by soldiers. In short, they were not even prisoners.

All of this, including Penny Marshall's repeated pleas with the refugees to give her a quote she could use against the Serbs, is evident in the RTS footage, which filmed Penny Marshall shooting her own footage, and which can be seen in the Emperor's Clothes' film "Judgment!".
http://www.emperors-clothes.com/film/judgment.htm

ITN never showed its running footage to the world because -- well, because it just wouldn’t do to have the so-called victims deny the premise on camera.

And here's the whopper: The refugees flocking to this center were in fact Bosnian Muslim civilians running away from the Islamist terrorists whom Alija Izetbegovic had imported into Bosnia with the help of Iran and the US Pentagon. These Muslim civilians were naturally terrified of Izetbegovic, and so they took refuge where they knew they would be treated humanely and protected: with the Bosnian Serbs!

Just as it does not make sense to think that Milosevic ever said anything racist, given that the mainstream Western media had to lie about an explicitly tolerant speech in order to accuse him of being a hate-monger, it does not make sense to think that the Serbs were really conducting an "ethnic-cleansing" campaign if, in order to accuse them of the same, spectacular lies were resorted to.


The public relations campaign against the Serbs by Ruder Finn, which recruited the leaders of prominent Jewish organizations -- a betrayal of the Jewish people whom they claim to represent
_____________________

What ultimately guaranteed the success of the demonization of the Bosnian Serbs was a well-organized public relations campaign by professionals of the disinformation business. This campaign was conducted by Ruder Finn Global Public Affairs, a Washington, D.C.-based public relations firm that took as clients Tudjman’s fascist Republic of Croatia, Izetbegovic’s Islamist Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, and the parliamentary opposition in Kosovo, which was in cahoots with the terrorist KLA. If you were an enemy of the Serbs, if you were a fascist, if you were bent on the destruction of the state of Yugoslavia, then, by Jove, you were Ruder Finn’s client!

By contrast, the Bosnian Serbs could not get any PR firm to take them as clients. The leader of the Bosnian Serbs, Radovan Karadzic, explained this in an interview:

KARADZIC: We wanted to show the truth. We had no PR-agency working for us. When we tried to hire one, the agencies would not cooperate because their governments did not allow them to work with and for the Serbs. I ask [Penny] Marshall to admit openly that she was there on our invitation, that she visited Trnopolje, and that she filmed barbed wire which was not part of the camp but of a small piece of adjacent land.[37a]

Two points about this.

First, what Karadzic is referring to is a very small piece of chicken-wire fence that had only two or three strands of barbed wire at the top, and that a child could kick through.

Click on the photograph if you would
like to see why it was a total fraud

Originally, the puny fence you can see in the photo had been there to protect a tool shed in land adjacent to the refugee camp. It was just a few feet long, and it was mostly falling down. What Penny Marshall did was set her camera crew inside this tiny partial enclosure, and then called the refugees who were milling about, smiling and chatting among themselves in the summer sun, to come talk to her across a small but still standing section of that one time 'fence.' This made it look as though the refugees were inside an enclosure, when they were in fact outside of what could not even be called an enclosure, anymore. In this way, Penny Marshall did her best to create an image of a death camp.

Everybody looked well fed which was an obvious problem for Penny Marshall. But then she spotted a man who was voluntarily shirtless (as he was holding his shirt in his hand) and whose torso was abnormally -- even freakishly -- thin. She asked that he be brought forth and his friends teased him as they pushed him towards the camera (he smiled bashfully). He was not a starving man in the midst of a well-fed multitude, he was a man with a deformed torso who got teased for it when it proved attractive to the well-heeled Western journalist over yonder with the cameras, lights, and microphones. Penny Marshall had this man front and center for a while, and the camera took a good look at him. Later, this man's picture became the 'evidence' that the Bosnian Serbs were running death camps, hence the phrase quoted above from the Sunday Times that, "To see adults starving was like a throwback to the death camps of wartime Germany.'"

One adult. And he wasn't starving.

If you would like to see the RTS footage that shows Penny Marshall doing all this in real time, purchase Emperor's Clothes movie "Judgment!"
http://www.emperors-clothes.com/film/judgment.htm

Something else that matters here is that, as Karadzic says, "we had no PR-agency working for us ... their governments did not allow them to work with and for the Serbs." This means the battle of perceptions was not an even playing field to begin with. The NATO powers made sure that the PR-agency hired by the enemies of the Serbs, Ruder Finn, would have the greatest advantage possible, as it would not have to do battle with a competing public relations firm. This was quite important, because if any public relations firm had taken the Serbs as clients, they would have made mince-meat of Ruder Finn.

Let us get acquainted with Ruder Finn.

James Harff, Ruder Finn's director, with ultimate responsibility for the demonization campaign against the Serbs, proudly explained to Jacques Merlino, associate director of French TV 2, that “Speed is vital ... it is the first assertion that really counts. All denials are entirely ineffective.”

Interesting.

In other words, suppose you make an assertion about G (a person). Since the only thing that matters is the first assertion, and subsequent denials by G will not change the impression created, then one can go ahead and assert a lie. Facts don’t matter in public relations. Take it from Harff - he is the expert. But of course, it helps that the Western governments attacking the Serbs made it impossible for the Serbs to get a public relations firm to compete with Harff; he shouldn't be so smug.

Jacques Merlino conducted his remarkable interview with Harff in April 1993, and it appears in Merlino’s book titled “Some Truths About Yugoslavia Cannot Be Said,” which, not coincidentally, is very hard to find.[38]

Merlino began by describing how Harff employs a file of several hundred journalists, politicians, representatives of humanitarian associations, and academics to create public opinion, and then had Harff explain the stuff above about how denials are entirely ineffective once he has chosen to demonize somebody. Following that, Merlino asked Harff what his proudest public relations accomplishment was in the war on Yugoslavia. Without hesitating, Harff replied:

“To have managed to put Jewish opinion on our side. This was a sensitive matter, as the dossier was dangerous looked at from this angle. [Croatian] President Tudjman was very careless in his book, ‘Wastelands of Historical Reality.’ Reading his writings one could accuse him of anti-Semitism….”

One “could accuse him of anti-Semitism”? Yes, I suppose one could, in the same way that one “could accuse” Hitler of the same. I suppose Harff thinks that Hitler was also “very careless” (he does seem to have misplaced between 5 and 6 million Jews).

The late Franjo Tudjman and his followers are adherents to the same clerical (Catholic)-fascist Ustashe ideology which was rampant in Croatia during World War II, and which carried out crimes of genocide against Croatian democrats, and with special ferocity against Serbs, Jews, and Roma, whatever their politics. To get a sense of what Ustashe ideology is like, consider what happened in WWII, as explained by a study done by the US military:

“…from the beginning the Ustashe adopted an anti-Serb policy of massacres, expulsions, and forced conversions to Catholicism. Concentration camps were established for Serbs, Jews, and Croatian democrats.” (p.30)

“…The Ustashe were vehemently Catholic, anti-Semitic, and anti-Serbian; their avowed policy was to convert one-third of the Serbs, deport another third, and ‘eliminate’ the rest. The regime closed all Serbian Orthodox Primary Schools, outlawed the Cyrillic alphabet, and ordered Serbs to wear colored arm bands.” (p.69)

“Serbs were major participants in the Partisan liberation movement; their suffering at the hands of the Croatian fascists appalled even the Nazis.”(p.68)[39]

It was this very Ustashe ideology that Franjo Tudjman and Co. had revived, even repatriating from the Croatian diaspora Ustashe criminals and their families who had fled to other countries in 1945 (with the help of the Vatican and the US Army [39a]), and who spent their years in exile plotting and carrying out various terrorist attacks against Yugoslavia. In 1989-90 many of these criminals and their children returned to Croatia and Bosnia where they provided crucial leadership for the new fascist movements. Croatian President Tudjman put some of them in the highest posts of his administration. 

To read more about Franjo Tujman’s neo-Ustashe regime, go here:
http://www.hirhome.com/yugo/kosovo.htm#APPENDIX

Concerning Franjo Tudjman’s proud antisemitism, consider that he was a Holocaust denier who wrote “that estimates of the number of Jewish victims in the Holocaust were vastly inflated and that the main characteristics of Jews were ‘selfishness, craftiness, unreliability, miserliness, underhandedness and secrecy.’”[40] He also wrote that the butchery committed against Jews and Serbs in WWII fascist Croatia had supposedly been wildly exaggerated. He oversaw a new genocide of the Serbs in our time and also a renewed persecution of Jews in Croatia.[41]

So this is the man whose image James Harff, director of the public relations firm Ruder Finn, was trying to clean up. As James Harff concedes, this represented a challenge. It was likewise a challenge to clean up the image of Alija Izetbegovic, a problem that Harff also conceded.

HARFF: “…In Bosnia the situation was no better: President Izetbegovic strongly supported the creation of a fundamentalist Islamic state in his book, ‘The Islamic Declaration.’ Besides, the Croatian and Bosnian past was marked by real and cruel anti-Semitism. Tens of thousands of Jews perished in Croatian camps, so there was every reason for intellectuals and Jewish organizations to be hostile toward the Croats and the Bosnians. Our challenge was to reverse this attitude and we succeeded masterfully.”

So how did James Harff solve his problem, which was that he needed to make these fascists look like victims?

[Back to Merlino's Interview with James Harff]

HARFF: “At the beginning of July 1992, New York Newsday came out with the article on Serb camps. We jumped at the opportunity immediately. We outwitted three big Jewish organizations - the B’nai B’rith Anti-Defamation League, The American Jewish Committee and the American Jewish Congress. In August, we suggested that they publish an advertisement in the New York Times and organize demonstrations outside the United Nations.

“That was a tremendous coup. When the Jewish organizations entered the game on the side of the [Muslim] Bosnians we could promptly equate the Serbs with the Nazis in the public mind. Nobody understood what was happening in Yugoslavia. The great majority of Americans were probably asking themselves in which African country Bosnia was situated.

“By a single move, we were able to present a simple story of good guys and bad guys which would hereafter play itself. We won by targeting the Jewish audience. Almost immediately there was a clear change of language in the press, with use of words with high emotional content such as ethnic cleansing, concentration camps, etc., which evoke images of Nazi Germany and the gas chambers of Auschwitz. No one could go against it without being accused of [Holocaust] revisionism. We really batted a thousand in full.”

[Quote ends here]

Clearly, Harff was just bursting with pride at what he had achieved.

Merlino then asked what he may have thought would be an uncomfortable question: “But between 2 and 5 Aug. 1992 when you did this you had no proof that what you said was true. All you had were two Newsday articles.” (Notice that Merlino seems to think - like most people - that proof did eventually surface; this is false.)

The question did not faze Harff. He replied:

“Our work is not to verify information. We are not equipped for that. Our work is to accelerate the circulation of information favorable to us, to aim at judiciously chosen targets. We did not confirm the existence of death camps in Bosnia, we just made it widely known that Newsday affirmed it. … We are professionals. We had a job to do and we did it. We are not paid to moralize.”

So Harff, the non-moralist public relations mercenary who spread unverified claims all over the world, with lightning speed, and against which denials would be futile, had nary a qualm as to whether the claims were actually true or false, nary a qualm as to whether his clients were fascists, fundamentalists, or terrorists. In fact, he hadn’t even looked into the photographs. He just went ahead and demonized an entire people because he is a professional.

The traditional enemies of fascism were painted as fascists, whereas the erstwhile allies of the fascists, who were once again spreading fascism with murder and genocide, were depicted as victims. 

The world was turned upside down.

The Jews are considered the moral authority on genocide, not coincidentally because they were the target of the most spectacular genocide in recent memory: the WWII Shoah. Thus, if the major American Jewish organizations accused the Serbs of running death camps, the Serbs would be finished in the court of world opinion. Armed with nothing more than the claim, in Newsday, that photographs of Bosnian Serb death camps supposedly existed, what did Ruder Finn do? James Harff explains, “We outwitted three big Jewish organizations...” “We won by targeting the Jewish audience...” “we were able to present a simple story of good guys and bad guys which would hereafter play itself.”

In other words, Harff is saying that his job was to fool the Jewish community with lies into supporting antisemites, thereby to create a picture of 'good guys vs. bad guys' where Izetbegovic and Tudjman would be the 'good guys' and Radovan Karadzic and Slobodan Milosevic would be the 'bad guys.'

James Harff does not say that his job was to fool the people who run the media. And he doesn't say that his job was to fool NATO governments. In this he is once again candid, because Bush’s twenty minute reaction necessarily moves faster than Ruder Finn’s demonization campaign. In fact, there is no real distinction between Ruder Finn, NATO governments, and the propaganda Western media. So, as Harff's statements make clear, Ruder Finn’s job was to achieve the following two goals:

1) to fool the honest among the rank-and-file people who work for the mainstream Western media, and who these days are instructed not to do any research and instead to get their 'facts' from organizations such as Ruder Finn [41a]; and

2) to fool the rank-and-file membership of the above-named Jewish organizations (or to 'outwit' them, as Harff himself puts it).

But Harff was not fooling the leadership of these Jewish organizations, because this leadership understands perfectly well what the history of Yugoslavia was like in World War II. It is their job to know this sort of thing. Moreover, as HIR has shown, the corrupt leadership of these major Jewish organizations in fact specializes in attacking the Jews:

"How mainstream Diaspora Jewish leaders are failing the Jewish people today"; from THE PROBLEM OF JEWISH SELF-DEFENSE; Historical and Investigative Research; 22 March 2006; by Francisco Gil-White.
http://www.hirhome.com/israel/leaders2.htm

Naturally, corrupt Jewish leaders who attack the Jews had no qualms about attacking the Serbs.

What emerges from all this is that the imperial strategy used against the Bosnian Serbs is thoroughly political - it relies on the manipulation of information to construct pseudo-realities that will tug at the heartstrings of honest and well-intentioned ordinary people. Once honest and well-intentioned ordinary people were taught to believe that the Bosnian Serbs were carrying out a genocide, the Bosnian Serbs were finished.

The same strategy is used to mobilize ordinary people on issues all over the world. What passes for ‘the political Left’ these days is nothing of the sort, given that people who describe themselves as leftists are easily found to be agitating for fascist organizations such as the PLO, and attacking the traditional victims of fascism: the Jews. This is done through disinformation that whitewashes the PLO and unfairly demonizes their Jewish opponents.[41b] It is also done by almost never mentioning the appalling crimes of the PLO against the Palestinian Arabs - the very people whom they supposedly represent but whom they in fact routinely and savagely oppress. The result is a compromised and corrupted Left which cannot therefore offer any real resistance to the ongoing sponsorship of racism as a tool of imperialism. For these reasons, it is crucial for Serbs to understand that most ordinary American Jews really don’t know what happened in Yugoslavia. They didn't lie about anything, and they didn't attack the Serbs. It was the leaders of American Jewish organizations that did that, and these leaders, even if they are Jewish themselves, are not 'the Jews.'

One of the continuing tragedies here is that most ordinary American Jews still don’t know how the forces of the US-led empire used their name to provide cover for a revived fascism in Europe. The war on Yugoslavia was in part an attack on the Jews, not only because the US and its allies sponsored violent antisemitic fascists, but because it drove a wedge between the Serbs and the Jews.

It is also worth pointing out, however, that the leadership in Israel did take notice of what was going on, and did support the Serbs -- that is, until the United States forced them to back down. Richard J. Aldrich, Professor of Politics at the University of Nottingham, in an article for The Guardian titled “America Used Islamists To Arm The Bosnian Muslims: The Srebrenica Report Reveals The Pentagon's Role In A Dirty War,” wrote the following:

[Quote from the Guardian starts here]

“Now we have the full story of the secret alliance between the Pentagon and radical Islamist groups from the Middle East designed to assist the Bosnian Muslims...[Meaning the Muslim faction led by Alija Izetbegovic, which attacked the Bosnian Serbs, unlike the faction led by the more popular Fikret Abdic, which allied with the Bosnian Serbs - HIR]

...Meanwhile, the secret services of Ukraine, Greece and Israel were busy arming the Bosnian Serbs. Mossad was especially active and concluded a deal with the Bosnian Serbs at Pale...[42]

[Quote ends here]

(Notice that it was also the government in Ukraine that supported the Serbs. This would be the same government that the United States is now trying to oust from that country.[42a])

Recently, the leading Zionist news service, Israel National News (Arutz Sheva) published an article by a Serb, Petar Makara, who is one of the best-known defenders of the Serbs, worldwide. In this article Makara explained what was done to the Serbs, and also the similarities between the attack on Yugoslavia by the US-led empire and the current attack on the Israeli Jews. He expressed great sympathy for the suffering of the Jews at the hands of Yasser Arafat.[42b] This is a hopeful sign that the imperial strategy of trying to divide Serbs and Jews with lies will fail. It is also a hopeful sign that Israeli Jews will wake up and realize that the United States ruling elite is not their ally, something that in fact is quite easy to document.[42c]

Resistance to the US-led empire requires a restored unity between Jews and Serbs, the traditional enemies and victims of fascism. The forces of empire would prefer Serbs to be antisemites and for the Jews to be serbophobic. If the Serbs become antisemites, they will have handed their NATO attackers their most resounding victory. Ruder Finn’s public relations campaign on behalf of the serbophobic and also antisemitic fascists, which relied on using the leadership of the American Jewish organizations to give these fascists moral cover, was designed to hit the Serbs where it hurt the most -- to make them feel betrayed by those whose lives they had bravely and honorably died protecting in World War II. But there has been no such betrayal. Agents of the US-led empire at the top of US Jewish organizations are not ‘the Jews,’ just as the current NATO-installed government in Serbia is not ‘the Serbs.’ Neither does one prominent French Jewish philosopher such as Bernard Henry-Lévi, whom we encountered making an absurd defense of Alija Izetbegovic in part 2 of this series, represent ‘the Jews.’

Most ordinary Jews, in fact, don’t know the history of Yugoslavia, quite sadly, and this owes much to the fact that the story of WWII Serbian bravery was suppressed by Marshall Tito, the Croatian national who ruled post-war Yugoslavia until he died in 1980. And ordinary Jews are as misinformed about the recent wars in Yugoslavia as the rest of the world, because they read the same media as everybody else.

HIR is proud simultaneously to defend both Jews and Serbs. It is quite common for Serbs who know us and respect us for our quality research on NATO’s assault against Yugoslavia to change their minds about the situation in Israel when our reputation compels them to read our research about the Arab-Israeli conflict. The argument is not difficult, since the forces attacking the Jews are the same fascist and Islamist forces that played a big part in the destruction of Yugoslavia. To give just one example, the original Nazi SS Handzar Division that slaughtered so many Serbs in WWII, and which Izetbegovic resuscitated, was put together by the Palestinian Arab Hajj Amin al Husseini, who led, with Adolf Eichmann, the German Nazi Final Solution, and who was also the father of the Palestinian movement, and Yasser Arafat’s mentor.[43]

Similarly, Jews who know us and respect us for our work refuting the lies said about Israel, and about the Jews more generally, are discovering our articles about Yugoslavia and changing their minds.

May the future bring increasing understanding and restored unity between the Jewish and Serbian people, both of them very necessary to the furthering of world peace!

And may the Bosnian Serbs hold fast and continue to resist courageously, drawing at least some strength from knowing that they have inspired some of us to fight for them. My life has been changed by their example, and I am not alone.

http://www.hirhome.com/logo-HiR.gif
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Footnotes and Further Reading
________________________________________________________

[1] Izetbegovic, Alija. 1999 [1980]. Le manifeste Islamique (original title: Islamska deklaracija). Beyrouth-Liban: Éditions Al-Bouraq. (p.132)

[2] Mr [Fikret] Abdic got more votes in the 1990 Bosnian presidential election than Mr Izetbegovic but, under party political pressure, ceded his place to him. He was pro-Yugoslavia and lukewarm about Bosnian independence.” -- The Economist, June 26, 1993, World politics and current affairs; EUROPE; Pg. 54 (U.K. Edition Pg. 39), 751 words, Direr and emptier, FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT IN BELGRADE AND COPENHAGEN

[3] Izetbegovic, Alija. 1999 [1980]. Le manifeste Islamique (original title: Islamska deklaracija). Beyrouth-Liban: Éditions Al-Bouraq. (p. 81-82)

[5] Ibid. (p.117)

[6] The Christian Science Monitor,  March 5, 1992, Thursday,  THE WORLD; Pg. 4,  847 words,  Bosnia Independence Vote Intensifies Ethnic Tensions In Yugoslav Republic,  Louise Branson, Special to The Christian Science Monitor,  BELGRADE

[7] Izetbegovic, Alija. 1999 [1980]. Le manifeste Islamique (original title: Islamska deklaracija). Beyrouth-Liban: Éditions Al-Bouraq. (p.132)

[8] “Moderate Democrat or  Radical Islamist?: Who is Alija Izetbegovic, the man the US sponsored in Bosnia?”; Investigative and Historical Research; by Francisco Gil-White
www.ihrhome.com/yugo/ihralija1.htm

[9] Financial Times (London). July 13, 1991, Saturday, SECTION I; Overseas News; pg. 2, 800 words, Moslems prepare to resist Greater Serbia, Judy Dempsey.

[10] The Herald (Glasgow),  March 4, 1992,  Pg. 4,  522 words,  Armed Muslims take to streets of Sarajevo,  Timothy Heritage

[11] “The national parties have won a resounding victory over the parties of the so-called ''left-wing bloc'' on all the lists. The future presidency of the SR of Bosnia-Hercegovina will comprise of Fikret Abdic with 1,010,618 votes and Alija Izetbegovic with 847,386 - both Muslim candidates of the Party of Democratic Action. This party will also have another member in the presidency, Ejup Ganic (680,783 votes), who was nominated in the elections as a Yugoslav, and will therefore represent the other nations and nationalities in this republic. Biljana Plavsic (557,218 votes) and Nikola Koljevic (541,212 votes) will join the presidency as candidates of the Serbian Democratic Party. Stjepan Kljuic (464,174 votes) and Franjo Boras (408,750 votes) will join the new presidency as candidates of the Croatian Democratic Community (Tanjug in Serbo-Croat 1333 gmt 23 Nov 90).” -- BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, November 29, 1990, Thursday, Part 2 Eastern Europe; B. INTERNAL AFFAIRS; YUGOSLAVIA; EE/0934/B/ 1; , 1209 words, ELECTION RESULTS IN BOSNIA-HERCEGOVINA, Yugoslav News Agency in Serbo-Croat 1800 gmt 18 Nov 90 Yugoslav News Agency in Serbo-Croat 1927 gmt 19 Nov 90 Yugoslav News Agency in Serbo-Croat 1703 gmt 19 Nov 90 Yugoslav News Agency in Serbo-Croat 1437 gmt 19 Nov 90 Zagreb 1400 gmt 22 Nov 90 Yugoslav News Agency in Serbo-Croat 1523 gmt 22 Nov 90 Yugoslav News Agency in Serbo-Croat 1333 gmt 23 Nov 90 Belgrade home service 2100 gmt 25 Nov 90 Yugoslav News Agency in Serbo-Croat 1304 gmt 27 Nov 90

[12] The Economist, June 26, 1993, World politics and current affairs; EUROPE; Pg. 54 (U.K. Edition Pg. 39), 751 words, Direr and emptier, FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT IN BELGRADE AND COPENHAGEN

[12a] The Associated Press, May 25, 1992, Monday, AM cycle, International News, 712 words, Fighting, Expulsions Continue Despite Sanction Threats, By DUSAN STOJANOVIC, Associated Press Writer, BELGRADE, Yugoslavia

[12b] The Herald (Glasgow), October 4, 1993, Pg. 4, 422 words, Muslim fighting threatens to prolong Bosnian war, Giles Elgood [Reuters]

[12c] The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, October 22, 1993, Friday, 960 words, WORLD IN BRIEF Bosnia factions, rebel Muslim meet

"A rebel Muslim leader met today with leaders of Bosnia's two other ethnic factions in surprise talks bound to further isolate the Muslim-led government.

Fikret Abdic is a pragmatic businessman who sees coexistence with other ethnic groups as the only way his northwestern home region can survive. He has long criticized the government for not coming to terms with Serbs and Croats. The talks appeared designed to put muscle behind Abdic's declaration last month of an autonomous region in the Bihac pocket of northwestern Bosnia, where his supporters are skirmishing with government troops.

Abdic loyalists now control about a quarter of the area, which encompasses 860 square miles overall and some 200,000 people, most of them Muslim. The rebellion further weakens President Alia Izetbegovic and his military forces, already fighting Serbs and Croats, and threatens to further fragment the republic, where Serbs and Croats have established separate governments."

Notice that Abdic is called a "rebel". Why? Abdic was opposing Izetbegovic, who illegally seized power, illegally declared Bosnian independence, and plunged everybody into a civil war. But it was important to call Abdic a rebel if the purpose was to defend Izetbegovic. And, of course, that was the purpose.

[13] The Guardian (London), November 20, 1990, 219 words, Overwhelming victory in sight for Bosnia's nationalists, By JIM FISH in Sarajevo

“NATIONALIST parties appear poised to sweep the communists out of power after Sunday's election in Yugoslavia's melting-pot republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Early returns showed the electorate divided sharply along national lines. Bosnia's Muslims, who make up about 40 per cent of its four million people, voted in force for their Party of Democratic Action. Likewise, Serbs and Croats voted almost exclusively for their own national parties.

With about a quarter of the votes counted, the three nationalist parties led in each of the seven electoral districts. The communists have so far been eclipsed everywhere except the capital, Sarajevo.

Although the results reflect eastern Europe's wider trend, the strength of Bosnia's reaction took even the nationalist parties by surprise. Dr Radovan Karadjic, leader of the Serbian Democratic Party, said yesterday: 'It will be a great victory for democracy and for Bosnia.'

Dr Karadjic held out the prospect of close co-operation between the nationalists perhaps even a three-way coalition government.

A nationalist coalition in Bosnia would serve as a timely example to Yugoslavia's feuding nations, but it would deal a fatal blow to the hopes of the federal prime minister, Ante Markovic, to shore up his government's crumbling authority.”

[14] The Herald (Glasgow), October 4, 1993, Pg. 4, 422 words, Muslim fighting threatens to prolong Bosnian war, Giles Elgood.

“A political rival of Izetbegovic, Abdic is critical of the government in Sarajevo for its failure to work out a peace agreement with its Serb and Croat enemies. The Bosnian government has ejected Abdic from the 10-member presidency and Izetbegovic has accused him of treason. Later today, about 2000 people rallied in support of Abdic in the hilltop village of Skokovi, on the edge of Abdic territory south of Velika Kladusa. The demonstrators called for an end to the Bosnia war and the suffering of civilians.”

Associated Press Worldstream, October 03, 1993, Sunday, International news, 479 words, Croats and Muslims Sign New Accord; Bihac Dispute Worsens, SNJEZANA VUKIC , ZAGREB, Croatia.

“Tensions heightened in the Muslim-dominated Bihac when the regional army corps loyal to the Sarajevo government [i.e. Alija Izetbegovic's troops] tried to restore order after a local parliament, called by local Muslim rebel leader [i.e. Yugoslav loyalist] Fikret Abdic, declared autonomy last Monday.

...Known for his good contacts with Croats and surrounding Serbs, Abdic is credited with sparing Bihac from most of the fighting that ruined the rest of Bosnia. Most local residents believe they will be better off as an autonomous region trading with neighboring Croats and the Serbs [i.e. most local Bosnian Muslims believe they would be worse off with Alija Izetbegovic's imported terrorists].”

[15] “Painting Fascists as Victims, and Their Victims as Fascists: The mainstream media turned Bosnia upside down”; Investigative and Historical Research; by Francisco Gil-White
http://www.hirhome.com/yugo/ihralija2.htm

[15a] "Witness to Jasenovac Hell", by Ilija Ivanovic.
http://emperors-clothes.com/jasenovac/escape-text.htm
http://emperor.vwh.net/jasenovac/witness-jas.htm

[16] Los Angeles Times October 7, 2001; Section: Part A; Part 1; Page 1; National Desk Headline: Response To Terror; Bosnia Seen As Hospitable Base And Sanctuary For Terrorists; Byline: Craig Pyes, Josh Meyer, William C. Rempel, Times Staff Writers; Dateline: Zenica, Bosnia-Herzegovina

[17] “The Muslim Terrorist Apparatus was Created by US Intelligence as a Geopolitical Weapon”; Emperor’s Clothes; January 1998; by Jared Israel.
http://emperors-clothes.com/interviews/brz.htm

[18] “U.S. & Iran: Enemies in Public, but Secret Allies in Terror: The US and Iran have long cooperated to sponsor Islamist terrorism.” by by Jared Israel, Francisco Gil-White, Peter Makara, and Nico Varkevisser
http://emperors-clothes.com/analysis/deja.htm

[19] “Clinton-Approved Iranian Arms Transfers Help Turn Bosnia into Militant Islamic Base” -- Congressional Press Releases, January 16, 1997, Thursday, PRESS RELEASE, 8665 words, MILITANT ISLAMIC BASE, LARRY CRAIG , SENATOR , SENATE , CLINTON-APPROVED IRANIAN ARMS TRANSFERS HELP TURN BOSNIA INTO
http://www.tenc.net/docs/larrycraig.htm

[19a] "The State Department earlier criticized Iran for allegedly attempting to smuggle arms to its Muslim allies in Bosnia in violation of the U.N. economic embargo. Iran denied the allegation." -- The Associated Press, September 12, 1992, Saturday, PM cycle, Washington Dateline, 441 words, U.S. Calls Chinese Nuclear Deal with Iran 'Highly Imprudent', By GEORGE GEDDA, Associated Press Writer, WASHINGTON

[20] “Moderate Democrat or  Radical Islamist?: Who is Alija Izetbegovic, the man the US sponsored in Bosnia?”; Investigative and Historical Research; by Francisco Gil-White
www.ihrhome.com/yugo/ihralija1.htm

[20a] "...The court found the accused guilty because it held that their activity had been directed against brotherhood and unity, and the equality of our nations and nationalities with a view to destroying Bosnia-Hercegovina as a Socialist Republic and thus of undermining the social order of the SFRY.

For the criminal act of association for the purpose of enemy activity and counter-revolutionary threatening of the social order Alija (Mustafa) Izetbegovic was sentenced to 14 years'..."

SOURCE: Copyright 1983 The British Broadcasting Corporation, Bbc Summary Of World Broadcasts, August 22, 1983, Monday, Part 2 Eastern Europe; B. Internal Affairs; Yugoslavia; Ee/7418/B/1; , 372 Words, Muslim Nationalists Convicted, (A) Yuqoslav News Agency 1555 Gmt 12 Aug 83 Text Of Report Belgrade Home Service 1700 Gmt 20 Aug 83

[21] from “A Careful Coincidence Of National Policies?” by T.W. Carr (Ass. Publisher, Defense & Foreign Affairs Publicatisons. London); Presented at the Symposium on the Balkan War; Yugoslavia: Past and Present, Chicago, August 31-September 1, 1995
http://emperors-clothes.com/articles/carr/carr2.htm

[22] St. Louis Post-Dispatch. May 2, 1992, SATURDAY, FIVE STAR Edition, EDITORIAL; Pg. 2B, 355 words, NEW YUGOSLAVIA, OLD TRICKS.

[23] Financial Times (London). July 13, 1991, Saturday, SECTION I; Overseas News; pg. 2, 800 words, Moslems prepare to resist Greater Serbia, Judy Dempsey.

[24] “A Republic of the Serbian People of Bosnia-Hercegovina, with its administrative centre in Sarajevo, and which would be ''a federal unit in the federal state of Yugoslavia'', was declared by the Assembly of the Serbian People of Bosnia-Hercegovina on 9th January, Radio Sarajevo reported*. The Assembly on the 9th also sent telegrams to the chairman of the peace conference on Yugoslavia, Lord Carrington, and to UN Secretary-General Butrus Ghali, informing them of its decision that Bosnia-Hercegovina Presidency President Alija Izetbegovic and Foreign Minister Haris Silajdzic no longer represented the interests of Bosnia-Hercegovina's Serbian people in international fora, Radio Sarajevo and Tanjug reported. Serbian Assembly deputies were reported by Tanjug on the 9th to have said that the declaration of the Serbian republic was a result of ''illegitimate and illegal decisions of the Muslim-Croatian coalition'', and a response to Muslim and Croatian demands for international recognition of an independent Republic of Bosnia-Hercegovina.* For details see Sections.

Izetbegovic said on his arrival in Sarajevo from Brussels on the 9th that he had been elected to his post and that no-one could remove that mandate from him, Croatian Radio reported. He described the decision to set up a Serbian republic in Bosnia-Hercegovina as ''one unilateral act in a series of acts'' by the Serbian Democratic Party, and added that it would not be allowed.* For details see Sections” -- BBC Summary of World Broadcasts/The Monitoring Report,  January 11, 1992, Saturday,  Part 2 Eastern Europe; 2. EASTERN EUROPE; EE/1275/ i;,  249 words,  Bosnia-Hercegovina President rejects unilateral Republic of Serbian People

[25] “Bosnian Serb separatist leader Radovan Karadzic” -- The Washington Post, September 17, 1992, Thursday, Final Edition, FIRST SECTION; PAGE A36, 679 words, Missile Hit Aid Plane, Initial Report Shows; Aircraft Crashed Near Sarajevo Sept. 3, Blaine Harden, Washington Post Foreign Service, SARAJEVO, Bosnia, Sept. 16, 1992

“Bosnia's leadership had hoped for more in their fight against Serbian separatists who have taken control of about two-thirds of the country.”-- CNN, The Week in Review, August 16, 1992, Transcript # 21 - 3, Package, News, 1312 words, The Besieged, SUSAN ROOK; BOB CAIN.

“The tragedy for defenders of an open society in Bosnia was that their foes, Serb separatists, were ready with force.” -- The Economist, June 25, 1994, Arts, Books And Sport; Pg. 91, 788 words, Trouble in Balkans; Turning old friends into new foes; BOSNIA: A SHORT HISTORY. By Noel Malcolm. MacMillanl 340 pages; £9.99. To be published by New York University Press in August; $ 26.95 EUROPE'S BACKYARD WAR. By Mark Almond. Heinemann; 432 pages; £20

“Nicola Koljevic, vice president of Bosnian Serb separatists” -- USA TODAY, February 25, 1994, Friday, FINAL EDITION, NEWS; Pg. 6A, 976 words, Ethnic groups begin process of making peace / Separatists' Sarajevo: 'Groups can mix', Tom Squitieri, PALE, Bosnia-Herzegovina

“The U.S. aim was to persuade Milosevic to recognize Bosnian statehood and cut off the flow of supplies to the Serbian separatists.” -- Newsweek, June 12, 1995 , UNITED STATES EDITION, SPECIAL REPORT; Bosnia; Pg. 18, 1424 words, A No -- Win War, BY RUSELL WATSON, With JOHN BARRY, KAREN BRESLAU and BOB COHN in Washington, ROD NORDLAND in Vitez, MARCUS MABRY in Belgrade, GREGORY BEALS at the United Nations and bureau reports.

“Fears of a link-up between army commanders and Serbian separatists have led to tolerance over the past six months of a Croatian paramilitary build-up.” -- The Times, March 3, 1992, Tuesday, Overseas news, 535 words, Gun influx triggers fears of bloodbath, By Roger Boyes, East Europe Correspondent.

“American pilots and their vast military support network have taken up the task of bombing Serb separatist military positions in Bosnia.”-- ABC NEWS, Nightline (ABC 11:30 pm ET), September 12, 1995, Transcript # 3732, News; Domestic, 3683 words

“Newly independent Bosnia, already two-thirds occupied by Serb separatists” -- St. Petersburg Times (Florida), July 7, 1992, Tuesday, City Edition, NATIONAL; Pg. 3A, 771 words, Enclave further fractures Bosnia, SARAJEVO, Bosnia-Herzegovina.

“Newly independent Bosnia, already two-thirds occupied by Serb separatists” -- The Houston Chronicle, July 7, 1992, Tuesday, 2 STAR Edition, A; Pg. 12, 549 words, Yugoslav nominee asks for 100-day delay in reprisals, CHUCK SUDETIC; New York Times, BELGRADE, Yugoslavia

“...in the capital of the self-proclaimed independent state that militant Serb separatists have staked out in the 70 percent of Bosnia they now control.” -- The Washington Post, December 7, 1992, Monday, Final Edition, FIRST SECTION; PAGE A25, 1051 words, Serbs Stymie U.N., Step Up 'Cleansing'; Bosnian Muslims Come Under Renewed Attack, Mary Battiata, Washington Post Foreign Service, BANJA LUKA, Bosnia, Dec. 6

“...fighting was underway between Serbian separatists and local police.” -- Agence France Presse, April 15, 1992, News, 734 words, Army enters Sarajevo; stern U.S. warning to Bosnia, VICTORIA STEGIC, SARAJEVO

“Newly independent Bosnia, already two-thirds occupied by Serb separatists” -- The Associated Press, July 6, 1992, Monday, AM cycle, International News, 734 words, Declaration of Croatian Enclave Further Fractures Bosnia, By TERRY LEONARD, Associated Press Writer, SARAJEVO, Bosnia-Herzegovina.

“When NATO intervened, it was at the request of the Bosnian government to save the country from being overrun by Serbian separatists.” -- CBC TV, THE NATIONAL ( 10:00 PM ET ), March 25, 1999, Thursday, 556 words, Serbia and Bosnia, JOE SCHLESINGER, CBC Reporter; HELMUT SONNENFELDT,, PETER MANSBRIDGE.

[26] Bosnia suffers genocide as the world - and America - remains silent. (Originated from Knight-Ridder/Tribune News Service) Jennifer Scarlott; Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service Dec 21, 1993 p1221K5689 (696 words)

[27] The Herald (Glasgow),  March 4, 1992,  Pg. 4,  522 words,  Armed Muslims take to streets of Sarajevo,  Timothy Heritage

[28] St. Louis Post-Dispatch March 18, 1993, THURSDAY, FIVE STAR Edition SECTION: EDITORIAL; Pg. 3C; 1163 words; HEADLINE: NO INNOCENTS IN BOSNIA OR SERBIA; BYLINE: Gordon N. Bardos

[29] The Boston Globe,  August 15, 1993, Sunday, City Edition,  NATIONAL/FOREIGN; Pg. 1,  666 words,  Serbs pull back near Sarajevo; Material from wires services was used in this report.,  By Jonathan Kaufman, Globe Staff,  LONDON

[29a] The Washington Post, May 26, 1992, Tuesday, Final Edition, EDITORIAL; PAGE A17, 877 words, Blowing Smoke, Jim Hoagland

Daily News (New York), April 01, 1999, Thursday, News; Pg. 34, 336 words, ALBANIAN PROTESTERS REACH EAR OF THE PREZ, By KENNETH R. BAZINET and KEVIN PENTON Daily News Writers

The New York Times, April 5, 1999, Monday, Late Edition - Final, Section A; Page 21; Column 5; Editorial Desk , 703 words, Essay; The Quiet Noisemaker, By WILLIAM SAFIRE , WASHINGTON

The Toronto Sun, May 25, 1999, Tuesday,, Final EDITION, EDITORIAL/OPINION,, Pg. 14,, 392 words, MIRED IN YUGOSLAVIA

Foreign Affairs (1998), ESSAYS; Pg. 81, 5266 words, Power and Interdependence in the Information Age, Robert O. Keobane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr.; ROBERT O. KEOHANE is James B. Duke Professor of Political Science and Co-Director of the Program on Democracy, Institutions, and Political Economy at Duke University. JOSEPH S. NYE, JR., is Dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.

United Press International, March 22, 2001, Thursday, GENERAL NEWS, 1282 words, Analysis: Movies that impact life, By STEVE SAILER, UPI National Correspondent, LOS ANGELES, March 22

National Public Radio (NPR), ALL THINGS CONSIDERED (9:00 PM ET) , April 7, 1999, Wednesday, 534 words, RUSSIA MAINTAINS OPPOSITION TO NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA; HOLDS NEWS BRIEFINGS TO COUNTER WHAT IT CALLS NATO PROPAGANDA, LINDA WERTHEIMER, MICHELLE KELEMEN

[29b] "In the beginning of World War II, Yugoslavia was pressured by Germany and Italy to join the Axis powers. Italy was mired in an inconclusive war with Greece, and before Germany committed its forces to the Greek campaign, it wanted to secure Yugoslavia's support.

Royal Regent Paul submitted to the fascist pressure and signed the Tripartite Treaty in Vienna on March 25, 1941, hoping to still keep Yugoslavia out of the war. But this was at the expense of popular support for Paul's regency. Senior military officers were also opposed to the treaty and launched a coup d'état when the king returned on March 27. Army General Dusan Simovic seized power, arrested the Vienna delegation, exiled Paul, and instated the 17-year old crown prince Peter as the new king. Apparently this defiance infuriated Hitler, so the Axis decided to attack both Yugoslavia and Greece on April 6. (As a result, Hitler had to delay the launch of Operation Barbarossa [for the invasion of the Soviet Union] by four weeks, which proved to be a costly decision.)"

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Yugoslavia

[30] The piece below contains a historical analysis of conditions in Kosovo that also delves into the story of Serbian moral courage and suffering during World War II in that area:

"The Serbs Were Not Oppressing the Kosovo Albanians... Quite the opposite"; Historical and Investigative Research; 14 March 2006; by Francisco Gil-White
http://www.hirhome.com/yugo/kosovo.htm

[31] Hilberg, Raul. 1961. The destruction of the European Jews. Chicago: Quadrangle Books. (p.688)

[31a] "Himmler was their Defender!: The SS Handzar Division Lives on in Bosnia"; Emperor's Clothes; 9 January 2003; by Dan Chukurov, Petar Makara and Jared Israel.
http://emperors-clothes.com/bosnia/svijet.htm

[31b] The following is from the book "Serbs Chose War" (by Ruth Mitchell, Garden City Publishers, New York, 1943, pp. 260-264.)

"Source: Letter written by a Jewish physician, a professor in the Department of Medicine in the University of Belgrade, to a friend in London on his escape from Yugoslavia in 1942. As the writer is a Jew, for the sake of relatives who remain in Yugoslavia his name cannot be used.

In Yugoslavia there were 85,000 Jews, including Jewish émigrés from Germany, Austria, Poland and Czechoslovakia. Thanks to the Serbs, the Yugoslav Jews had succeeded in saving and rescuing many of their compatriots from Germany and German-occupied countries. Service rendered and assistance given to Jews by Yugoslav consular officials in Austria and Czechoslovakia has specially to be recognized. Of the total number of Jews in Yugoslavia about 7,500 were refugees.

After the [Nazi invasion in 1941]...the Jews came under the rule of various regimes, including Pavelich's 'Independent Croatian State'.

The 'solution' of the Jewish question in the Independent Croatia devolved upon the Croatian Ustashis. [This was the clerical-fascist regime set up in Croatia with Nazi approval.] In Serbia, however, the Jewish problem was not dealt with by the Serbs themselves. This the Germans reserved for themselves. There are special reasons for this. When they occupied Serbia, the Germans did not find any anti-Semitic feeling in the country. They could not persuade either the local population or the local authorities to take any anti-Semitic measures.

The fact that Nedich [the Serbian quisling government, installed after the Nazi invasion] twice demanded from the German commanding officer in Serbia and the Banat that he and his government should be given the right to settle the Jewish problem, against whom no drastic measures should and could be taken in Serbia, shows the feeling of the Serbian people toward the Jews. The following reasons were given by Nedich to the Germans for this demand. If the Germans wanted the Serbs to calm down, it would be of first importance to stop the terrible persecution of the Serbian Jews. The Serbian people could not and would not accept such treatment 'of their compatriots of the Jewish religion.' The Serbs consider Jews as their brothers, only of a different religion. The answer which Nedich received from the Germans regarding this demand was 'that the Serbs have not attained a culture to the degree necessary to enable them to deal with the Jews. We ourselves shall settle the Jewish question in Serbia.'

With regard to anti-Semitism, Yugoslavia can be divided into two parts, i.e., districts where this feeling was latent, and Serbia, where, it can be said without any exaggeration, anti-Semitic feeling has never had any root.

During Yugoslavia's twenty-three years of existence, Serbia has always professed the free democratic tradition existing in the former Kingdom of Serbia. There in the nineteenth century, and later in the twentieth, the Jews always had full civic rights and complete equality with their Serbian compatriots. This equality was not only granted in various constitutions of the Kingdom of Serbia and later of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, but it was also a true expression of the relationship between the Orthodox Serbs and the Jews in their everyday contact. This friendly and amicable relationship also existed in the economic, financial, and political life in Serbia. The small group of Jews living in Serbia gave their contribution towards the cultural and political life in Serbia's struggle for the formation of a state of South Slavs. The Jews had in Serbia members of Parliament. In Serbia's struggle for liberation, the Jews gave their contribution. Several were awarded the Karadgeorge Star for bravery in the battlefield - equivalent to the British V.C.

About a year before Yugoslavia was attacked by Germany, by pressure from the Reich and in their attempt to suit their policy to the dictators, the Tsvetkovich-Machek Government passed the first anti-Semitic measure in Yugoslavia. The Government was not unanimous on this point. Dr. Koroshets, leader of the Slovenes, upheld the measure as Minister of Education. Serbian cabinet ministers, however, including the Minister of War, refused to apply the act. The application of it was confined to the Ministry of Education, under the Slovene, Dr. Koroshets, and the Ministry of Trade and Industry, under the Croat[ian], Dr. Andres.

In all the schools and universities, numerous restrictions were applied by circular, but in Serbia, Serb teachers and professors succeeded in avoiding or sabotaging the regulations.

In this regard Serbia completely differed from Croatia under Dr. Machek and the district governor or Ban, Shubashich. In Croatia anti-Semitism was inherited from Austria-Hungary. Anti-Semitic centers had always existed. Dr. Shubashitch's Croatia had even prepared elaborate laws and regulations just before the war broke out in Yugoslavia in 1941. A large part of the industries in Jewish hands in Croatia was to be confiscated and nationalized. Anti-Semitism was particularly stressed in Croatia by the right wing of Dr. Machek's Croatian Peasant Party.

This report could be divided into two parts - the first beginning with the entry of German troops into Belgrade in April 1941 to the beginning of August 1941; the second from the middle of August 1941 until the closing down of the office of the 'Jewish section' late in 1942. The section was closed because there were no longer any Jews in occupied Serbia. During the first stage the Jews were tortured, persecuted, maltreated, taken for forced labor. Well-known Jews and Serbs were taken to German concentration camps. Women of the intelligentsia class were forced to clean latrines in the German barracks, to clean floors and sweep streets under the supervision of the S.S. troops. They were made to clean the windows of high houses from the outside, and several of them lost their lives through falling down. Jewish girls were violated and taken to 'Militar-Medi'. Already during the first stage the Jews were deprived of all their property and most of them were evicted from their homes.

In the second period male Jews were sent to concentration camps. But quite a number of men and young Jews succeeded in escaping to the villages, where they lived with Serbian peasant families. A number later joined the guerrillas. A considerable number of youths from the Jewish Zionist organization, which co-operated with the Serbian organizations for the preparation of resistance, actively helped the guerrilla fighters. Many collected hospital material for the guerrillas or posted anti-German posters in Belgrade streets. The name of Almozmo, a schoolboy of ten, the son of a well-known Belgrade dispensing chemist in Peter Street, should be mentioned. He threw bombs at two armored German cars and a tank in Grobljanska Street in Belgrade and blew them up. His elder brother, a medical student, is still fighting in Bosnia, in spite of the order that the mayor and members of the rural councils would be shot if such cases were discovered in their villages.

Some forty of my relatives were shot in Belgrade by the Germans. I am, however, very proud to say that today two small relatives of mine, one of five and one of seven years of age, whose parents were shot by the Gestapo, are being hidden by two Serbian mothers.

No German measures in Belgrade were able to upset the friendly relations between the Serbs and Jews. During the forced-labor period Serbs talked to their Jewish friends in the streets even in front of the German soldiers and police. During the period well over 300,000 Serbs were massacred by the Croat Ustashi in Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Lika and some 60,000 shot by the Germans in Serbia, during the period when Serbian students and peasants were hung in the main square in Belgrade, the Serbs of the capital had sufficient courage to protest publicly their indignation at the treatment of the Jews.

When Jewish women were transported in lorries to the concentration camps, Serb shopkeepers in the streets through which these processions passed closed their shops and their houses, thus expressing not only their protest, but also emphasizing the fact that the entire population of Serbia, yesterday and today, does not and cannot participate in the extermination of their Jewish neighbors.

The example of the Serbian people with regard to the Jews is unique in Europe, particularly in the southern part of the continent. In spite of intensive German propaganda in writing and through the wireless, the Serbs remained unaffected. When we consider what happened to the Jews in neighboring countries, in the "Independent State of Croatia," Hungary, Rumania, and Bulgaria, the Serbian example shines out.

Today there are no more Jews left in Serbia, except some children hidden by the Serbs and those fighting along with the Serbs in the forests. I saved my own life thanks to my Serbian friends. I was saved from certain death. Serbian peasants and my other friends also saved from death my only son, who was on several occasions sought by the Gestapo in Belgrade.

It is my desire as a Jew and as a Serb that in free democratic countries where Jews are still enjoying full freedom and equality they should show gratitude to the Serbian people, pointing out their noble acts, their humane feelings, and their high civic consciousness and culture....

I cannot conclude this report without mentioning how the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Patriarch Gavrilo, and his clergy tried to save Serbian Jews and Gypsies. Up to the present day the Germans have massacred I70,000 Gypsies, men, women, and children, in Serbia and the Banat. Serbian Orthodox priests and the Serbian peasantry risked their lives not only to save ordinary Jews and their children but also to save those Gypsies and their children. Today the chief rabbi of Yugoslav Jews lives in America. He was saved from the Gestapo, being smuggled out from Serbia from monastery to monastery by the Serbian clergy. He was handed over by one Serbian church to another, by one Serbian priest to another until he was passed on to Bulgarian territory. There, with the assistance of the Orthodox Bulgarian clergy, some of whom were his personal friends, he arrived at the Turkish frontier."

[32] How Muderous Are the Serbs? It is time to exhume the first casualty in the NATO War; by David Ramsay Steele; Inquiry, July 1999;
http://www.libertysoft.com/liberty/features/75steele.html

[32a] "The Freezer Truck Hoax: How NATO Framed Slobodan Milosevic" Historical and Investigative Research; 2 December 2005; by Francisco J. Gil-White.
http://www.hirhome.com/yugo/freezer1.htm

[32b] You will find the most complete documentation on this here:

“HOW DID THE ‘PALESTINIAN MOVEMENT’ EMERGE? The British sponsored it. Then the German Nazis, and the US.”; Historical and Investigative Research; 13 June 2006; by Francisco Gil-White.
http://www.hirhome.com/israel/pal_mov4.htm

Some of this material was originally published here:

“Anti-Semitism, Misinformation, And The Whitewashing Of The Palestinian Leadership”; Israel National News; May 26, '03 / 24 Iyar 5763; by Francisco J. Gil-White
http://www.israelnationalnews.com/article.php3?id=2405

[33] “Film Proves Death-Camp Photos Were Lies”; Emperor’s Clothes; April 4, 2000; by Jared Israel.
http://emperors-clothes.com/articles/jared/of.htm

[34] Sunday Times, August 9, 1992, Sunday, Overseas news, 1013 words, Death-camp scoop made the world sit up, by Jonathan Miller

[34b] Sunday Times, August 9, 1992, Sunday, Overseas news, 1013 words, Death-camp scoop made the world sit up, by Jonathan Miller

[35] The Times, August 7, 1992, Friday,  Home news,  1257 words,  Evidence mounts of executions and beatings in Serb-run camps,  By Michael Binyon.

[35a] The Observer, February 2, 1997, Sunday, THE OBSERVER NEWS PAGE; Pg. 25, 2334 words, I STAND BY MY STORY, Ed Vulliamy.

[36] "The Tears of the Mighty: A Grim Miscarriage of Justice Has Just Occurred in Britain"; Emperor's Clothes; 16 March 2000; by Jared Israel.
http://emperors-clothes.com/articles/jared/of.htm

[37] Reuters, 3/14/00

[37a] Interview with Radovan Karadzic.
http://users.tyenet.com/kozlich/caro.htm

[38] Merlino, Jacques (1984). “Les Verites Yougoslaves Ne Sont Pas Toutes Bonnes En Dire” (Albin Michel, Paris)

[39] Nyrop, Richard F. 1982. Yugoslavia: A country study. Headquarters, Department of the Army, DA Pam 550-99: American University.

[39a] The Catholic Church was always closely allied with the Croatian fascists, and with the fascists more broadly. To read about that, visit:

"The Pictures Tell the Tale: The Vatican and Nazism in Germany and Croatia"; Emperor's Clothes; 22 April 2005; by Jared Israel
http://emperors-clothes.com/vatican/cpix.htm

To read about the involvement of the US military in absorbing thousands of Nazi war criminals to create US Intelligence, visit:

"The US Recreated the Nazi War Crimes Machine: Six decades of cover-up and still going strong.The Nazi war crimes apparatus was recruited lock, stock and barrel and secretly redeployed worldwide. It became US Intelligence"; Emperor's Clothes; 4 January 2004; by Jared Israel.
http://emperors-clothes.com/coverup/summary.htm

[40] The New York Times,  October 8, 1995, Sunday, Late Edition - Final,  Section 4; Page 1; Column 2; Week in Review Desk,  1227 words,  Trading Villains' Horns for Halos,  By Elaine Sciolino,  Washington

[41] Read more about Tudjman’s Croatia here:
http://www.psych.upenn.edu/~fjgil/Kosovo.htm#APPENDIX

[41a] Rick Grant, who has “been on both sides of the fence” and has advised “aid groups on how to handle the media and…managed information campaigns directed at foreign correspondents” says the following about modern journalism:

“[journalism] is becoming as managed, influenced, nuanced and manipulated, [as] the worst of government spin-controlled news… Over the past year, I’ve experienced first hand a remarkable change in how the media works when reporting on humanitarian disasters in such places as Albania, Kosovo, East Timor and, from a distance, in Chechyna. Amid the hellish dangers of such places, there is a formal dance of intricate detail between United Nations officials, aid workers, reporters and news managers. It’s a dance that allows a reporter newly parachuted into some vile human emergency to be filing stories to the news desk within hours, direct from the front lines or from the edge of a mass grave. The days of a foreign correspondent needing to spend huge amounts of time just finding out where to go for information in a disaster area - after spending hours or days just trying to find accommodation and a place from which to file stories - are gone. Instead, there is an mobile, worldwide army of disaster officials, information officers, spokespersons and spin doctors that can provide itinerant reporters with everything they need, including food, lodging and transportation. Indeed, it is possible for a lazy reporter - and there are many of those - to file as though from the circles of hell while sitting in comfort at a five-star hotel. Information flow and control by UN agencies and relief groups is so complete that it is possible for a reporter to make a name reporting a humanitarian disaster without leaving Ottawa, New York or London.”

From: The Ottawa Citizen, April 20, 2000, Thursday, FINAL, 1030 words, Manufacturing content: Aid organizations and political groups drive the news from the world’s hot spots., Rick Grant

[41b] "Anti-Semitism, Misinformation, And The Whitewashing Of The Palestinian Leadership"; Israel National News; Jun 17, '03 / 17 Sivan 5763; by Francisco J. Gil-White.
http://www.israelnationalnews.com/article.php3?id=2405

[42] To read the Guardian article, go to “Dutch Report: Us Sponsored Foreign Islamists In Bosnia,” at
http://emperors-clothes.com/analysis/used.htm

[42a] The following article is from the British daily The Guardian. It explains that what the NATO powers are doing to the Ukraine is the very same thing they did to Yugoslavia. The Guardian makes it sound as if this is a good thing. In order to do that, they omit any mention of the fact that the NATO powers in fact backed fascists, Muslim fundamentalists, and terrorists against the Serbs, the most tolerant people in the world. But readers of this series on Bosnia will be able to give this article the proper interpretation: Ukraine is being destroyed in the same manner that Yugoslavia was, by promoting fascism and pretending that this is democracy.

U.S. Campaign Behind the Turmoil in Kiev
The Guardian (London) - Final Edition, November 26, 2004, Guardian Foreign Pages, Pg. 17, 1151 words, Analysis: US campaign behind the turmoil in Kiev, Ian Traynor

With their websites and stickers, their pranks and slogans aimed at banishing widespread fear of a corrupt regime, the democracy guerrillas of the Ukrainian Pora youth movement have already notched up a famous victory - whatever the outcome of the dangerous stand-off in Kiev.

Ukraine, traditionally passive in its politics, has been mobilized by the young democracy activists and will never be the same again.

But while the gains of the orange-bedecked "chestnut revolution" are Ukraine's, the campaign is an American creation, a sophisticated and brilliantly conceived exercise in western branding and mass marketing that, in four countries in four years, has been used to try to salvage rigged elections and topple unsavory regimes.

Funded and organized by the US government, deploying US consultancies, pollsters, diplomats, the two big American parties and US non-government organizations, the campaign was first used in Europe in Belgrade in 2000 to beat Slobodan Milosevic at the ballot box.

Richard Miles, the US ambassador in Belgrade, played a key role. And by last year, as US ambassador in Tbilisi, he repeated the trick in Georgia, coaching Mikhail Saakashvili in how to bring down Eduard Shevardnadze.

Ten months after the success in Belgrade, the US ambassador in Minsk, Michael Kozak, a veteran of similar operations in central America, notably in Nicaragua, organized a near identical campaign to try to defeat the Belarus hardman, Alexander Lukashenko.

[HIR NOTE - The reference to Nicaragua is to the US sponsorship of the right-wing Contra terrorists, who murdered thousands of innocent villagers in Nicaragua, and who were illegally funded and trained by a vast conspiracy within the Reagan administration that got exposed in the 1980s in what is known as the "Iran-Contra scandal." The Contras had zero popular support, and they existed only because the United States poured millions into creating them, and got involved with training them on the ground, in Honduras. The man responsible for that was one Vincent Cannistraro, who also oversaw all US covert operations for the Reagan administration, and who like everybody else involved in the Contra scandal, served no jail time for it. Cannistraro now parades himself as a "news analyst" all over the mainstream Western media. To read about him, and about the role he now plays attacking Israel, go here:
http://www.hirhome.com/israel/mprot2.htm ]

That one failed. "There will be no Kostunica in Belarus," the Belarus president declared, referring to the victory in Belgrade.

But experience gained in Serbia, Georgia and Belarus has been invaluable in plotting to beat the regime of Leonid Kuchma in Kiev.

The operation - engineering democracy through the ballot box and civil disobedience - is now so slick that the methods have matured into a template for winning other people's elections.

In the center of Belgrade, there is a dingy office staffed by computer-literate youngsters who call themselves the Centre for Non-violent Resistance. If you want to know how to beat a regime that controls the mass media, the judges, the courts, the security apparatus and the voting stations, the young Belgrade activists are for hire.

They emerged from the anti-Milosevic student movement, Otpor, meaning resistance. The catchy, single-word branding is important. In Georgia last year, the parallel student movement was Khmara. In Belarus, it was Zubr. In Ukraine, it is Pora, meaning high time. Otpor also had a potent, simple slogan that appeared everywhere in Serbia in 2000 - the two words "gotov je", meaning "he's finished", a reference to Milosevic. A logo of a black-and-white clenched fist completed the masterful marketing.

[HIR NOTE - To read about what the Otpor movement was really like, visit the following:
http://emperors-clothes.com/news/cialectures.htm
http://emperors-clothes.com/articles/szamuely/willthe.htm ]

In Ukraine, the equivalent is a ticking clock, also signaling that the Kuchma regime's days are numbered.

Stickers, spray paint and websites are the young activists' weapons. Irony and street comedy mocking the regime have been hugely successful in puncturing public fear and enraging the powerful.

Last year, before becoming president in Georgia, the US-educated Mr. Saakashvili traveled from Tbilisi to Belgrade to be coached in the techniques of mass defiance. In Belarus, the US embassy organized the dispatch of young opposition leaders to the Baltic, where they met up with Serbs traveling from Belgrade. In Serbia's case, given the hostile environment in Belgrade, the Americans organized the overthrow from neighboring Hungary - Budapest and Szeged.

In recent weeks, several Serbs traveled to the Ukraine. Indeed, one of the leaders from Belgrade, Aleksandar Maric, was turned away at the border.

The Democratic party's National Democratic Institute, the Republican party's International Republican Institute, the US State Department and USAID are the main agencies involved in these grassroots campaigns as well as the Freedom House NGO and billionaire George Soros's open society institute.

[EC NOTE: The links suggested in the previous note contain some useful information concerning what the NDI (National Democratic Institute) and the IRI (International Republican Institute) are really about. To read about what George Soros really does, visit the following:
http://emperors-clothes.com/articles/szamuely/soros.htm
http://emperors-clothes.com/articles/treanor/reisa.htm
http://emperors-clothes.com/articles/treanor/b92$2.htm

USAID is the same organization that send thousands of schoolbooks to Afghanistan, written and edited at the University of Nebraska, that were used in order teach an entire generation of Afghan children to become Islamist terrorists. This story was broken by the Washington Post, in a rare moment of actual journalism.
http://emperors-clothes.com/news/abc.htm
http://emperors-clothes.com/articles/jared/jihad.htm
]

US pollsters and professional consultants are hired to organize focus groups and use psephological [psychological?] data to plot strategy.

The usually fractious oppositions have to be united behind a single candidate if there is to be any chance of unseating the regime. That leader is selected on pragmatic and objective grounds, even if he or she is anti-American.

In Serbia, US pollsters Penn, Schoen and Berland Associates discovered that the assassinated pro-western opposition leader, Zoran Djindjic, was reviled at home and had no chance of beating Milosevic fairly in an election. He was persuaded to take a back seat to the anti-western Vojislav Kostunica, who is now Serbian prime minister.

In Belarus, US officials ordered opposition parties to unite behind the dour, elderly trade unionist, Vladimir Goncharik, because he appealed to much of the Lukashenko constituency.

[EC NOTE - Notice that "US officials ordered." The US is giving orders to opposition parties in other countries!]

Officially, the US government spent $41m (£21.7m) organizing and funding the year-long operation to get rid of Milosevic from October 1999. In Ukraine, the figure is said to be around $14m.

Apart from the student movement and the united opposition, the other key element in the democracy template is what is known as the "parallel vote tabulation", a counter to the election-rigging tricks beloved of disreputable regimes.

There are professional outside election monitors from bodies such as the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, but the Ukrainian poll, like its predecessors, also featured thousands of local election monitors trained and paid by western groups.

[HIR NOTE - The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) played a leading role in the destruction of Yugoslavia by providing cover for the KLA terrorists, as documented here:
http://www.hirhome.com/yugo/oslo-intro.htm ]

Freedom House and the Democratic party's NDI helped fund and organize the "largest civil regional election monitoring effort" in Ukraine, involving more than 1,000 trained observers. They also organized exit polls. On Sunday night those polls gave Mr. Yushchenko an 11-point lead and set the agenda for much of what has followed.

The exit polls are seen as critical because they seize the initiative in the propaganda battle with the regime, invariably appearing first, receiving wide media coverage and putting the onus on the authorities to respond.

The final stage in the US template concerns how to react when the incumbent tries to steal a lost election.

In Belarus, President Lukashenko won, so the response was minimal. In Belgrade, Tbilisi, and now Kiev, where the authorities initially tried to cling to power, the advice was to stay cool but determined and to organize mass displays of civil disobedience, which must remain peaceful but risk provoking the regime into violent suppression.

If the events in Kiev vindicate the US in its strategies for helping other people win elections and take power from anti-democratic regimes, it is certain to try to repeat the exercise elsewhere in the post-Soviet world.

[EC NOTE - If President Lukaschenko won the election in Belarus, then why is his government supposedly undemocratic? And is it democratic for the US to spend millions of dollars trying to unseat a foreign president who is popular with his people?]

The places to watch are Moldova and the authoritarian countries of central Asia.

[42b] "Serbian Condolences [to the Jews] for the Life of Arafat"; Opinion; Arutz Sheva (Israel National News); 19 November 2004 [6 Kislev 5765]; by Petar Makara.
http://www.israelnationalnews.com/article.php3?id=4445

On the website that Makara created to defend the Serbs with the truth, Srpska-Mreza, he wrote the following:

http://www.srpska-mreza.com/

We are pleased to announce that one of our articles got published in the influential Israeli periodical Arutz Sheva.

We, Serbian-American editors of Srpska Mreza insist on strengthening History-long good relationship between Serbian and Jewish people. Our bond is a strong one. For centuries, the suffering of our two peoples is the same. Our enemies are the same. Intolerance, racism, Nazis and Islam fundamentalists are our common enemy. Mass graves where Jews and Serbs are buried together stretch all across ex-Yugoslavia and are the proof of our common suffering and our eternal bond.

It is our intention to warn all people of good will about the undying danger of Nazism and Islam fanaticism. It is also our intention to educate all other peoples about the trickery the Western powers implemented in order to destroy Yugoslavia, because it was these powers and their endless imperial greed that brought misery and destruction to multi-ethnic Yugoslavia. While pretending to be concerned about peace and human rights it was the Western powers who organized and supported Nazi and Islam fundamentalist forces in their act of destruction.

Please read our article "Serbian Condolences for the Life of Arafat" published by Arutz Sheva today, November 19, 2004. (Please, follow this link).

Please read our articles on common suffering of the Serbian and Jewish people. (Please, follow this link).

[42c] “IS THE US AN ALLY OF ISRAEL? A chronological look at the evidence”; Historical and Investigative Research; by Francisco Gil-White
http://www.hirhome.com/israel/hirally.htm

[43] You will find the most complete documentation on this here:

“HOW DID THE ‘PALESTINIAN MOVEMENT’ EMERGE? The British sponsored it. Then the German Nazis, and the US.”; Historical and Investigative Research; 13 June 2006; by Francisco Gil-White.
http://www.hirhome.com/israel/pal_mov4.htm

Some of this material was originally published here:

“Anti-Semitism, Misinformation, And The Whitewashing Of The Palestinian Leadership”; Israel National News; May 26, '03 / 24 Iyar 5763; by Francisco J. Gil-White
http://www.israelnationalnews.com/article.php3?id=2405


www.hirhome.com

Part 1 -- Who was Alija Izetbegovic: Moderate democrat or radical Islamist?

Alija Izetbegovic, who fought the Bosnian Serbs, was portrayed in the Western mass media as a dovish defender of multiculturalism and human rights. But Izetbegovic published an entire book calling for the slaughter of 'infidels' so that Bosnia could become a theocratic Muslim state, as documented here.


 Part 2 -- Painting fascists as victims and their victims as fascists: The mainstream media turned Bosnia upside down.

The media went out of its way to represent the Serbs as the supposed fascists and Izetbegovic's Islamist followers as the supposed victims. There is no shortage of evidence that the reverse was the truth. In fact, it appears that Alija Izetbegovic may have been a Nazi during World War II, and he certainly revived the Nazi SS Handzar Division in Bosnia in the 1990s, as documented here. But the media has not shared this with the public, calling him a 'moderate' instead.


 Part 3 -- Who started the war in Bosnia? And who committed genocide? Was it the Bosnian Serbs, as NATO and the mass media alleged, or the Bosnian Muslim followers of Alija Izetbegovic?

There is no question that Alija Izetbegovic and his Muslim followers started the Bosnian war. The Bosnian Serbs were just defending their homes. Nevertheless, the media claimed that the Bosnian Serbs were supposedly conquering territory. The accusation against the Bosnian Serbs that they were supposedly exterminating the Bosnian Muslims was a total fraud, as documented here. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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