sports, race, and IQ... • 'Blacks' do not have a genetic advantage in sports. • 'Blacks' do not have a genetic intellectual disadvantage. • Human races do not exist. • The IQ literature is a series of frauds. BOOK SUMMARY Some academics and others peddle pseudo-science in order to allege that blacks are good at sports and bad at thinking. Resurrecting Racism answers them with proper science. The first half of the book shows that blacks do not have superior sports ability and that biologists, using the latest genetic data, have concluded that human races do not exist, contrary to what racists would like to believe. The second half of the book (beginning in chapter 6) traces the history of IQ testing, documenting that the IQ literature was built by committing outright fraud. IQ 'research' has been used to allege that blacks have inferior 'intelligence,' but those who developed the IQ literature turned the purpose of the original tests upside down, twisted their statistics, made up their math, and invented nonexistent researchers, publishing fake studies under phony names. These 'researchers' were also the major propagandists of the eugenics movement, which movement is responsible for creating the German Nazis. This is also documented in the second half of Resurrecting Racism, as is the fact that today's IQ 'researchers' continue this fraudulent and dangerous tradition.
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Resurrecting
Racism © 2004 Francisco Gil-White
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Table of Contents
Introduction Chapter 1.
The claim that “black
athletes dominate sports” misuses the sports data.
Recently, journalist Jon Entine has written a book defending the claim that
“black
athletes dominate sports,”
which he says is demonstrated by the Olympic performance of African
athletes. The claim is false. What is true is that members of some small
populations, widely scattered in Africa, are good at some specific
sports, whereas members of other African populations underperform in the
very same sports, as shown in this chapter by adducing the very evidence
that Jon Entine mistakenly thinks supports his own case. Chapter 2. Those
who say human races exist contradict the biological definition of
‘race.’
Jon Entine tries hard to convince his
readers that human races exist, the better to convince them that there
is a ‘black’ race with a biological advantage in sports. Contrary to popular opinion,
however, there are no
sharp boundaries in human variation: human traits vary smoothly. Since biologists require sharp boundaries or ‘discontinuities’ in order to say
that a species has races or ‘subspecies,’ it follows that
there are no
human races. Because most people are unaware that what they view as
races do not have sharp boundaries, and also unaware of the way
biologists define ‘race,’ those who argue that races exist
-- such as Jon Entine -- can get away
with the false claim that science supports the notion of a ‘black,’
‘white,’ and ‘yellow race.’ This chapter explains
how biologists define ‘race’ and how the likes of Jon Entine misuse this
word, knowing that the lay public has no defense. Chapter 3. Those who
say human races exist misrepresent thought processes as reality and
disregard the genetic data.
Sharp genetic boundaries between
populations within a species are a requirement if biologists are to
speak of races. Attempting to get around the problem that human
populations are not separated by sharp genetic boundaries, Jon Entine
offers a creative solution: he re-defines
‘race’ as not requiring sharp
boundaries and tells people that if you think you see a
‘race,’ it’s
there. This chapter explains the genetic data that have led biologists
to conclude that there are no subspecies -- i.e. ‘races’ -- in the human
species, and it shows how Jon Entine pretends that the same data
supposedly support his case. Chapter 4. Claiming human races
exist, an 'expert witness' ignores genetics and embraces incoherence.
Jon Entine and other race
enthusiasts put forth Vincent Sarich, a biological anthropologist, as
their leading expert. Sarich claims to prove that human races exist
using arguments about chimps and dogs, even though these arguments fail
to support his claims. He also ignores the human genetic data,
even though he is supposed to be a biological anthropologist. Is this
because the genetic data do not support his case? Chapter 5. The new ‘race
scientists’ want us to view everything in terms of…race.
Does that mean they’re racists? Chapter 6. What are IQ tests
really about? Not about ‘intelligence’ as the IQ-testers define this
word.
IQ-testers claim to have shown that
so-called ‘black’ people are less intelligent. This is a fraud. First,
because IQ-testers have completely misused the tests that Alfred Binet
and Theophile Simon created, and which became the basis of all IQ
testing. Second, because IQ-testers have faked their data, used phony
statistics, and even invented nonexistent researchers whose nonexistent
studies were published under phony names, as this chapter, and the next,
will document. Jon Entine devotes about 10% of his book to defending
IQ-testers. Why does he? Chapter 7. ‘Intelligence
testing’ as a tool of the eugenic program of extermination.
It is not by coincidence that 'intelligence
testing' is connected with the history of eugenic extermination programs. Rather, it
was the architects of these eugenic programs who created 'intelligence
testing' so that they could appear to be doing science while they
attacked those categories of people whom they hated. Such programs had
limited success in Britain in the first half of the 20th century, but in
the United States they were a roaring success -- and then, even more so,
in Germany. This chapter documents the origin and development of IQ
testing as part and parcel of the eugenics movement -- the same movement
that produced German Nazism. This is what Jon Entine is defending. Chapter 8. Eugenics and the
World War I ‘intelligence tests’ in the US Army.
Eugenics had become quite mainstream by
the time the US entered World War I, in 1917. So the US government felt
comfortable treating the entire US military as a laboratory for
eugenics. Phony
‘intelligence tests’ were thus duly created by the leading
psychologists, who were also the leading eugenicists, and they were
administered by means of an assembly line process at the rate of 200,000
per month. Not surprisingly, the tests were designed so that those who
were familiar with the pop culture of the upper classes would score
highest. These would become the officer class; the rest would be given
the worst jobs in the army. Chapter 9. Top IQ-tester Henry
E. Garrett, WWII, and the effort to preserve segregation.
Henry Edward Garrett, at the pinnacle of
academic psychology in the United States, helped design the
AGCT ‘intelligence tests’ that were given to around 12
million soldiers during WWII. According to Garrett's own
court testimony in a school desegregation case, it was with
“statistical shenanigans” that he had obtained the purported
result that black recruits were less intelligent than the
white. But that did not stop him from insisting that the
result was valid, and that segregation was just. The case in
which he did so went all the way to the Supreme Court as one
of several cases that got bundled and called “Brown vs.
Board of Education,” which appeal defeated the legal
sanction to American apartheid. There are uncanny
similarities between the arguments of eugenicists such as Henry E.
Garrett, and those of Jon Entine, though Entine delivers them in an
updated style. Chapter 10. Modern
‘intelligence testing’ and Entine’s defense of it
IQ testing at the turn of the
twenty-first century is not any different than it was a hundred years
ago: it is a fraud. Modern IQ testers are still using incoherent logic
and non-evidence to allege that black people are supposedly inferior
intellects and that as a result their continued suffering is supposedly
their own fault, not to be blamed on a racist society. Jon Entine goes
out of his way to defend modern IQ testers. This chapter examines Jon
Entine's arguments, and also the arguments of those he defends. Chapter 11. Who is behind the
current onslaught of racist pseudo-science?
A great deal of the racist pseudo-science
attacking blacks and other minorities has been sponsored by something
called the Pioneer Fund, an outfit tracing its roots to the American
eugenics movement of the first half of the twentieth century. But
Pioneer is hardly alone; it has some powerful allies. For example, the
New York Times, NBC, and the rest of the mainstream American media. Jon
Entine is a cog in this system: he defends the Pioneer Fund, and in fact
produces an apology for fascism. Not surprisingly, his friends all turn
out to be public racists. |